Germany

Metternich's System

Designed to maintain the rule of absolute monarchies and prevent liberalism in Austria and German states.

Zollverein

A customs union of German states established by Prussia, which aimed to remove trade barriers and promote economic unity.

Volksgeist

The concept of the 'spirit of the people', emphasizing national identity and cultural uniqueness.

Frankfurt Parliament

An assembly formed in 1848-49 to discuss the unification of Germany, mainly comprised of well-off professionals and liberal thinkers.

Blood and Iron Speech

Bismarck's speech emphasizing the necessity of military strength and the use of war to achieve national goals.

Carlsbad Decrees

Regulations imposed in August 1819 to suppress liberal and nationalist ideas in the German states, including censorship and monitoring university programs.

August 1832

The time of the Six Articles, which limited the rights of elected assemblies in German states with constitutions.

Large Germany vs. Small Germany

Two conflicting visions for German unification: Large Germany included Austria, while Small Germany excluded Austria and was dominated by Prussia.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of governance that limits the powers of the monarch and establishes a parliamentary system.

Habsburg Empire

The multinational empire ruled by the Habsburg dynasty, which faced challenges due to rising nationalism and diverse populations.

Revolution of 1848

A series of interconnected uprisings across Europe, influenced by liberal and nationalist ideas, aimed at political reform.

Burschenschaften

Student associations that played a role in supporting German nationalism and liberal ideas during the 19th century.

Erfurt Union

A failed attempt in 1849 to unify northern and central Germany under Prussian control, opposed by Austria.

Austro-Prussian rivalry

The growing tensions and competition for dominance between Austria and Prussia during the 19th century.

Wilhelm I

The King of Prussia who sought to reform the Prussian army and played a key role in German unification under Bismarck.

Democratic Republic

A government form sought by lower-class radicals, focusing on broad political participation and representation.

Working-class aims vs. Middle-class aims

The differing goals of the working class, demanding radical political changes, versus the middle class, advocating for moderate reforms.