HOSA 2024 - Human Growth and Development: Government, Culture, Families 20%

Role of Government

- promoting health and well-being of its citizens

- health-care legislation

- made decisions for the entire population

- repeated case decisions led to system of rules and laws

What significant event happened in 1873 regarding nursing education?

Formation of the Bellevue Hospital School of Nursing

What organization was founded in 1881 to provide aid in times of disasters?

Red Cross

During which century did significant developments occur in hospitals and nursing schools?

1900's

License to Practice Nursing

1903, Nurses need a high education so they opened a program at Columbia University

Hospitals

- Centre of health care and had specialty units

Hill-Burton Hospital Construction Act of 1946

Gave grants to states to build new hospitals

1965 American Nursing Association

advocated for the movement of nursing management away from a hospital-based setting and into a college setting

- more nurse respect, need to be a registered nurse

Plan of Care

strengthen communication amongst the healthcare teams - meeting the needs of patients

Standards of care

developed by professional organizations to ensure high quality care for patients

Who developed the Nurse Practice Acts?

National Council of State Boards of Nursing

What is the purpose of Nurse Practice Acts?

To serve a multistate licensing arrangement, allowing nurses to practice in multiple states

Patient's Bill of RIghts

2009, focused on the relationship between healthcare practitioners and patients - patients are respected and not discriminated against

Patient's Bill of Rights: Informed Consent

- patients understand risk, advantage, and alternatives for planned procedure

Accerditation

hospitals or medical schools are recognized by meeting pre-specific standards of practice - not from the government

United States Department of Health and Human Services

- Federal laws mandate quarantine of a person, determines 65+ is eligible for Social Security benefits

What regulates occupational health in the US?

Federal Occupational Safety and Health Act

What is the responsibility of employers regarding employee health and safety?

Employers need to protect the health and safety of employees

What is required to be done with on-site injuries?

On-site injuries need to be reported

Rising Cost of Healthcare

- US rates are rising, public benefits (Medicare and Medicaid) are increasing

Controlling Healthcare Costs

addressing issues like health goals, individual rights, use of resources, and identify changing health care goals

Private Health Insurance

- increasing health care costs have created higher premium charged for membership in private health care insurance group

Healthcare Reform

- main concerns: rationing care and limiting health care coverage in health reforms

Resurgence of self-care

- focus on illness prevention and early detection leads to inpatient from outpatient

- self-care (hydrotherapy - water, homeopathy - natural chemicals) prevent diseases are cost-effective

The Future of Health Care

- public health improves health and reduces costs through screening and detection of diseases

- government needs to provide stats to determine interventional strategies

PAC prpvode monetary contributions and lobbying efforts

Culture

- passed down through generations and family, influence diet, healthcare, etc.,

- take into account religion in healthcare

Cultural Sensitivity

appreciating the verbal and body language, social norms, and social gestures of certain culture

Cultural Competence

demonstrating awareness and acceptance of respect for beilefs belonging to specific cultures - very important in health care and practitioners need to adapt

Cultural Sterotyping

person assumes that a person of a specific culture will behave the same way as individuals belonging to their culture, offensive

Beliefs

guides daily behavior and core values - handed down throughout generations

Values

- moral judgment of right from wrong, most values are learned through childhood but affected by cultures

Ethinicity

patterns that are shared amongst a culture - language, diet and customs

Cultural awareness

recognizing the history behind a culture, guides how healthcare professionals suggest treatment

Ethnocentrism

thinking they're dominant culture over others (superiority)

Acculturation

people adjust to new culture and cause changes in behavior/practice in a cultural group

Cultural Care

culturally competent health care professionals that will modify their practices based on patients culture

Cultural Intervention

when information is presented to a patient in a way that is fitted toward the specific cultural style of the patient - effective communication and personal space

Factors to consider with Culture/Pregnancy

gain understanding of how pregnancy is perceived in their culture, if the birth process is dangerous, is the birth experience public or private, types of medical intervention allowed/expected, expected roles and duties of family during this process

Culture/Child

-Cultural practices can influence the timing of developmental stages

- cultures that practice a more controlled style of parenting might increase child maturity

Culture/Adolescent

Some cultures it's not considered a stage of development, many practices help transition from kid to teen, symbolic, prone to reject their culture and find their own values - maybe temporary or permanent

Culture/Adult

many practices (birthcontroll) are seen differently thorugh cultures with different expectations and emphasis in adult life (self-worth and self-perception)

Culture/Older Adult

positive attitude toward life and health is encouraged, seen as wise and teaching children, sometimes babysitters or parent counselors

Culture and Health Belifes

different beliefs regarding causes of diseases, hot and cold (asian communities)

Culture and Illness

restrict activity on some days which could restrict appointents/procedures, cultural clothing is important to be sensitive about, requires specific healing compnents (yoga)

Culture/Death

some cultures, information is released to a patient based on discretion of their family, welfare of family is primary concern and life/death is a group decision

Special accomodations with death

ensure needs are met (i.e., in judaism a person is present during death to accompany the deceased as their soul leave the body)

Culture/Teaching

gain patient approval before standard procedures and look with a neutral perspective

Complimentary/Alternative Therapies - Culture

Alternative medicine/therapy that are non-westernized for different cultures

Promoting Culturally Competent Care

all government branches encourage it such as the United States Department of Health and Human Services Office of Minority Health and Cross-Cultural Health Care - Healthcare Research and Quality

Family Influences

families have effect on health so look at individuals with their families not just alone - lead to self fulfillment

Physical Maintenance (Family FUnction)

food, clothing, water, shelter, socioeconomic causes difficulties and lack of resources

Protection (Family Fucntions)

Acquired illness (internal) and injury (external), protection varies on age (children immunized, adults protect children with voice - should be gentle)

Nurturance

Unconditional love, limits as child ages, external source needs to fill nurturance if family system break, parent should help kids learn and understand death

Socializing/Education

starts at home (primary socializing agents), schools teach children about values but should be cautioned by some

Recreation

open channels of communication, each member should be able to spend time doing what they love

Nuclear/Conjugal Family

less than 1/3 of families identify with this

Nuclear Dyad

two adults and no kids

Blended/Reconstituted

one/both parents bring children from previous marriages, could be stressful for kids to adapt to new lifestyles out of the family

Cohabitative

people live together without legal bonds of matrimony

Communal Family

Individuals that live together due to shared philosophy and value systems and goals

Couple Stage

new families, move from original families, merge values/beliefs, define roles

Child Bearing Stage

Early preparedness is important to remove stress, monitor how child is devloping with interactions with extended family, care for the child, and role adjustment

Grown Child Stage

"empty nest stage" parent's focus shifts from children to each other

Older Family Stage/Retirement

based on health/finance, don't live with kids but near, grandparents

Family Size

requires maturity and responsibility, dynamics change with new children

Birth Order: Oldest Child

undivided attention leads to a sense of superiority, and cause problems in large society. Has high expectations put on them

Birth Order: Second Child

not having undivided attention might compete with the oldest and settle for less than full potential

Birth Order: Youngest

might get a lot of attention (could be positive or negative based on the individual)

Birth Order: Only Child

only adults around so individuals manage differently

Authoritarian/Autocratic

Strict, lots of rules, demand respect

Authoritative/Democratic

works with mutal respect, children develop greater sense of self esteem and gradual autonomy

Permissive/Laissez-Faire

don't set limits, often don't learn rules or impulse control

uninvolved

don't show commitment, meet their needs first, emotionally unattached, overwhelmed with stress children develop independence

Functional Families

fosters growth and development with a mutual understanding of respect and love, can work through stressors like finance problems, parenting and illness

Dysfunctional Fmailies

Can't provide, poor interpersonal skills, no discipline = acting-out/antisocial behaviours, risk of sexual, physical and psychological abuse