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Flashcards covering the chemistry of DNA and RNA, including nucleotides, structures, and properties.
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What are the nucleic acids, DNA and RNA?
Polymers of nucleotide monomers
What are nucleotides built from?
D-ribose (RNA) or 2-deoxy-D-Ribsose (DNA), one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base structure
What are the Pyrimidine bases?
Uracil (U), Thymine (T), and Cytosine (C)
What are the Purine bases?
Adenine (A) and Guanine (G)
Which bases are found in RNA?
A, G, C, and U
Which bases are found in DNA?
A, G, C, and T
What are nucleosides?
Nitrogenous bases attached to D-ribose or 2-deoxy-D-Ribose
What are nucleotides?
Nucleosides with one or more phosphates attached to the carbohydrate’s alcohol groups
How are phosphodiester bonds formed between nucleotide monomeric units in DNA and RNA?
The alcohol group on the 3’ carbon of one carbohydrate portion and the alcohol group on the 5’ carbon of the carbohydrate portion of the neighboring nucleotide.
How are RNA molecules similar to DNA fragments?
Contains uracil as a base and ribose as the carbohydrate and are typically shorter.
What types of RNA are involved in transforming the information of DNA molecules into protein?
Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and small nuclear RNA (snRNA)
According to Watson-Crick basepairing, how does one strand of DNA line up to a second strand of DNA?
Every C base of one strand pairs up with a G base of the other strand, and every A base of one strand pairs up with a T base of the other strand.
How many hydrogen bonds can form between A and T?
Two hydrogen bonds
How many hydrogen bonds can form between G and C?
Three hydrogen bonds
What are the two key characteristics of DNA strands in a double helix?
Complementary and anti-parallel
How does DNA exist in eukaryotic cells?
Open-ended, anti-parallel, complementary, double-stranded, helical molecule bound to proteins called histones.
How does DNA exist in prokaryotic cells?
Circular, anti-parallel, double-stranded, helical molecule.
How can mRNA form loops?
Hydrogen bonding between G and C (three hydrogen bonds) and between A and U (two hydrogen bonds)
What holds a DNA double helix together?
Hydrogen bonds, electrostatic interactions, and Van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions.
What results from the intertwining of the two DNA strands?
The presence of minor and major grooves.
What is the melting temperature (Tm)?
The midpoint of absorbance increase during thermal denaturation of DNA.
What is termed "melting" of DNA?
The process of unwinding the DNA double helix.
What are histones?
Aggregates that form octameric structures around which DNA coils itself.
What are nucleosomes?
Octamers bound to DNA