Chapter 1–9 Review: Matter, Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Bonds

Flashcards covering core concepts from the lecture on matter, subatomic particles, atomic number and mass number, isotopes and radioactivity, ions and charges, oxidation-reduction (oil rig), ionic and covalent bonds, hydrogen bonds, and essential life elements CHONPS.

What is matter?

Anything that takes up space and has mass; it exists as a solid, liquid, or gas.

What subatomic particles exist in atoms and what are their charges?

Protons are positively charged, neutrons have no charge, and electrons are negatively charged.

What is the atomic number?

The number of protons in an atom's nucleus; defines the identity of the element.

What is the mass number?

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (nucleons).

What does a neutral atom have in terms of charge?

An equal number of protons and electrons, giving a net charge of zero.

What is an isotope?

Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons, resulting in different mass numbers; some isotopes are radioactive.

What are common uses of radioactive isotopes?

Dating ancient materials and various medical applications.

What is an ion?

A charged atom formed when electrons are gained or lost.

What is a cation?

A positively charged ion (more protons than electrons).

What is an anion?

A negatively charged ion (more electrons than protons).

What does the mnemonic 'Oil Rig' stand for?

Oxidation is loss of electrons; Reduction is gain of electrons.

What determines the chemical properties of an atom?

The arrangement and number of electrons, especially the valence electrons.

In the Na and Cl example, which element is oxidized?

Sodium (it loses an electron to chlorine).

What is an ionic bond?

The complete transfer of one or more valence electrons from one atom to another, creating oppositely charged ions that attract.

How can ionic bonds be identified in diagrams?

By the presence of plus and minus charges next to the element symbols.

What is a covalent bond?

The sharing of electrons between atoms; can occur between the same or different elements.

What is a hydrogen bond?

A weak bond between a hydrogen atom and a highly electronegative atom; important for DNA structure.

What are CHONPS?

The six essential elements for life: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulfur.

Which elements make up the majority of living matter?

CHONPS: C, H, O, N, P, and S.

What is an orbital?

A region around the nucleus where electrons are likely to be found; electrons occupy orbitals in electron shells.