Industrial Revolution

Agricultural Revolution

The period of significant technological advancements in farming that increased food production, leading to population growth.

Congress of Vienna

A diplomatic meeting in 1814-1815 aimed at restoring political order in Europe after the fall of Napoleon, seeking to undo the effects of the French Revolution.

Conservatism

A political ideology emphasizing tradition, gradual change, and stability, often in reaction to revolutionary movements.

Industrial Revolution

A transformative period (late 18th century to mid-19th century) characterized by the transition from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, marked by technological advancements.

Laissez-faire

An economic principle advocating minimal government intervention in the economy, allowing businesses to operate freely.

Liberalism

A political philosophy founded on ideas of freedom, individual rights, and limited government, often associated with capitalism.

Marxism

A socio-economic theory developed by Karl Marx, analyzing class relations and societal conflict, predicting the eventual overthrow of capitalism.

Nationalism

An ideology promoting the interests and culture of a particular nation, often leading to the desire for national independence or self-governance.

Romanticism

An artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing nature and individualism, often in reaction to the rationalism of the Enlightenment.

Socialism

A political and economic ideology advocating for communal ownership and the regulation of the economy to benefit all members of society.

Population Growth

The combination of agricultural advances and enhanced food production led to significant demographic changes, impacting labor and migration.

Steam Engine

The invention that revolutionized transportation and industry, driving further urbanization and the development of cities.

Engine of History

Refers to the driving forces behind historical changes, particularly focusing on economic factors as articulated by Marx.

Adjustments in Society

Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism represent ideological adjustments to the transformations brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

Class Dynamics

The stark divisions between the aristocracy and peasants highlighted growing concerns around economic inequality and class struggles.

Cultural Reflection

The reawakening of humanity through movements like Romanticism reflects a desire for deeper connections to nature and self.

Key Ideologies

Different ideologies emerged in response to societal changes, including Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism.

Revolutionary Movements of 1848

A wave of revolutionary movements across Europe driven by demands for political and social reforms against oppressive regimes.

Romanticism's Counterforce

An emphasis on nature and individual expression as a reaction against the mechanization of industrialization.

Nationalism's Dominance

Became the prevailing ideology of the 20th century, fostering ethnic and cultural identities.

Technological Advancements

Key factors that reshaped economies and societies during the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions.

Political Order Restoration

The Congress of Vienna's goal to stabilize Europe post-Napoleon and its failure to maintain peace.

Transition to Industrial Economies

The significant changes in transportation, mining, and textile production during the Industrial Revolution.

Ideological Responses

Liberalism advocating individual rights and free markets, Conservatism maintaining traditional structures, and Socialism critiquing capitalism.

Cultural Movements

Movements such as Romanticism and Nationalism emerged in response to societal and economic changes of the era.