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trust
method to gain total control of competition in an industry. Companies would merge together so a board of ‘Trustees’ would control several businesses
Sherman Antitrust Act
made trusts illegal
Ellis Island
european immigrants would arrive between NY and NJ
There they would get questioned screened for health concerns, and pay a fee of $25
2% of people denied entry; 17 million immigrants entered through Ellis Island
Angel Island
1910-1940 50,000 immigrants enter through San Francisco
Immigrants were harshly questioned and would be detained for several days in awful conditions
Distribution of immigrants
many immigrants would live together in certain parts of cities known as “ChinaTown” “Little Italy” etc where their language was spoken, jobs were more welcome, and cultural ideals were similar
Nativism
favoritism of people born in the US over immigrants for various things like jobs, housing, and political positions
Anglo Saxons
people from england or germany
Immigration Restriction League
convinced congress to approve literacy tests for new immigrants
American protective association
against different religions like catholicism or judaism
Chinese Exclusion Act
Banned entry of all chinese immigrants into the US except for students, merchants, tourists, or government officials; not appealed until 1943
Reason for Chinese Exclusion Act
Many in the west feared that they would lose their jobs to chinese immigrants who were willing to accept lower wages and work more dangerous jobs
GentleMan’s agreement
US would repeal segregation order, Japan would limit number of unskilled workers coming to the us
Reason for Gentleman’s agreement
1906 San Francisco board of education segregated Japanese children from their school so Japan and teddy roosevelt worked out a deal
Urbanization
growth and expansion of cities primarily in the Northeast and Midwest (because of steel and jobs in factories)
Americanization movement
designed to assimilate people of all different cultures into the dominant american culture
What forced african americans to move north in early 1900s
Hundreds of thousands of african americans lost their farming jobs to machines in the south; 200,000 moved north to cities like chicago and detroit to escape racial violence and get new jobs.
Tenements
multi-family urban dwellings that were old and unsanitary, 2-3 families per 1 room apartment
First Subway
Boston 1897
Social Gospel movement
preached salvation through service to the poor
Settlement houses
community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area including immigrants
Jane Addams
one of the top social reformers of the time period, along w/ ellen gates starr founded the hull house in chicago in 1889
Political machine
organized group that controlled the activities of a political party in the city
Precinct Captain
workers in city neighborhoods, 2nd gen immigrants
Could speak to immigrants in native language and city bosses
Political machines would help immigrants get citizenship, jobs, and housing in return immigrants would vote for political bosses
Ward Boss
secure all votes in his part of the city. Would help poor voters
Graft
illegal use of political influence for personal gain; illegal bribery, political corruption, stealing money from the government
Boss Tweed
William Tweed became head of Tammany hall which was NYC’s most powerful democratic political machine
Used $13 mil to build a new courthouse when the actual price was $3 mil. Ring was broken in 1871 and Tweed was brought up on 120 counts of fraud and corruption
Sentenced to 12 years in jail but served one year (he knew the warden and judge)
Progressive movement
time period aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life
Protecting social welfare
soften the harsh conditions of factories
Promoting moral improvement
immigrants and the poor improve themselves by improving their personal behavior
Economic Reform
improve economic conditions for the common person
Fostering efficiency
get business leaders to think more scientifically to improve society and business
Florence Kelly
advocate for helping women and children
4 goals of the progressive movement
Protecting social welfare, Promoting moral improvement, Fostering efficiency, economic reform
YMCA
built libraries, taught classes
Salvation Army
soup kitchen
Prohibition
banning of alcoholic beverages
Reason for Prohibition
Led by WCTU (women’s christian temperance union) because they were victims of abuse, guys come home drunk and cause fights
effects of prohibiton
Pros-- decreased alcohol consumption, increased savings, increased productivity, less public drunkenness
Cons-- Rise of organized crime, increase in illegal alcohol trade, increase in corruption
Clayton Antitrust Act
excluded organizations and small businesses from antitrust prosecution under Sherman Antitrust Act. prohibits price-fixing. Prevented price discrimination, protects consumers by providing more options and better prices
McKinley assassination
shot in buffalo at world's fair by Leon Czologsz and later died due to infection
McKinley Assassination impact
leads to Theodore Roosevelt taking office and becoming most progressive president in history
Roosevelt
youngest president at age 42, well known for his exploits as an active individual
Why women were granted the right to vote out in the west first
unique demographics in the west, more women than men there so women would do more work and would be seen more as equals to men
Why taft lost favor from within his own republican party
accused of dishonesty because he reversed his opinions. tried to please both factions but lost support instead. Promised lower tarifs to progressives but signed tarif that kept them high. busted more trusts than roosevelt- progressive, but supported conservative policies which frustrated them.
How Woodrow Wilson handled the issue of civil rights
a regression in civil rights; did not support racial equality and maintained segregation in federal departments like post offices and the treasury and did little to calm the racial tension in the US
1902 coal strike
140,000 miners went on strike over wages and hours. Coal reserves were getting low in the country (issue for US because used for steel production, fuel, trains, and heat). Roosevelt called strikers and company to the white house to negotiate a contract. Both sides agreed and it was one of the first times that the federal government was involved with labor disputes
Elkins Act
makes it illegal for railroad officials to give, and shippers to receive rebates for using railroads. Also enforced that the public would be notified of any rate raises
Hepburn Act
limits the distribution of free railroad passes and set maximum railroad rates
Pure food and Drug act
stopped the sale of contaminated foods and medicines. Also called for the truth in labels on products
Meat inspection act
forced meat packing industries to provide more clean and safe working areas; federal government also paid for meat to be inspected by government officials
3 part strategy for suffrage
Convince the state legislature to allow women to vote. Worked in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, and Idaho
Court cases to test the 14th amendment. They were successful in identifying women as citizens with rights
Get an amendment in the constitution. Succeeded with the 19th amendment in 1920
19th amendment
granted the women’s right to vote
Susan B. Anthony
led the fight for women’s suffrage
Mayoral reforms
mayors lowered taxes in some cities, lowered fares for public transportation, lowered corruption, and set up work relief for the unemployed during the time period. 19 socialist mayors during this time period (socialism, economic equality)
Initiative
a bill originated by the people rather than lawmakers on the ballot
Referendum
a vote on initiative
Recall
enables voters to remove public officials from elected positions by forcing them into another election before the end of their term if enough voters asked for it
17th amendment
direct election of senators by the people
Woodrow Wilson
28th president 1913-1921, known for his leadership in WWI and efforts to promote the league of nations. New Jersey Governor (democrat)
16th amendment
granted congress the ability to issue an income tax without it being based on population
Muckrakers
reporters who would expose corrupt nature of big businesses
trust busting
Government activities aimed at breaking up monopolies and trusts
Author of the jungle
upton sinclair
Bull Moose Party
broke off from the republican party because of their progressive views lead by Roosevelt for the 1912 election
Relation between referedrum and initiative
in order for an initiative to be put in place it must pass a reeredrum
Election of 1912
Woodrow Wilson (democrat) vs. Theodore Roosevelt (Progressive “Bull Moose Party/ split republicans”) vs. William Howard Taft (republican). Taft lost progressive support so the republican party broke into 2; a conservative one and a progressive one. Because the republican party split Wilson won and was the only democratic president during the progressive era
Roosevelt personality
bold, outgoing, straightforward, creative, charismatic, radical, “Larger than life”
Taft personality
least progressive, not seen as pro environment, kind
McKinley personality
reserved, conservative, cautious, pro-business
Meat packing industry conditions
unsanitary, moldy, dark, freezing (-20), rat infested, workers only received partial pay
similarities of initiative and referendum
allow citizens to bypass their state legislature