ADVANCED BIOLOGY - Cardiovascular/Blood Vessels/Anatomy and Physiology: Final Term (2nd SEM)

Cardiovascular System

Organ system that distributes blood to all parts of the body

Fists

Human heart is approximately the size of a __________ and weighs less than a pound

Inferior mediastinum

The heart is enclosed within the_________________________, the medial cavity of the thorax and flanked on each side by the lungs

pericardium

A double-walled sac that encloses the heart

Fibrous pericardium

superficial loosely fitted part that protects and anchors the heart

serous pericardium

slippery, two-layer that is deep to the fibrous pericardium

parietal layers

lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium

Epicardium

the parietal layer attaches to the large arteries leaving the heart and then makes a U-turn and continues inferiorly over the heart surface as the visceral layer

serous pericardial membranes

Produces a slippery lubricating fluid which allows the heart to beat easily in a relative frictionless environment

pericarditis

inflammation of the pericardium that results in a decrease in the serous fluid

pericarditis

causes the pericardial layers to stick, forming painful adhesions that interfere with heart movements

myocardium

consists of thick bundles of the cardiac muscle twisted into ringlike arrangements

myocardium

-layer of the heart that actually contracts

-reinforced by dense, fibrous connective tissue

endocardium

a thin, glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

endocardium

continuous with the linings of the blood vessels leaving and entering the hear

atria

It is where the Blood follows into under low pressure from the veins, and continues into the ventricles

ventricle

-thick-walled discharging chambers

-they are pumps of the heart

-when they contract, blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation

anterior surface

forms most of the heart's anterior surface

left ventricle

forms the apex

Interventricular/Interatrial Septum

septum that divides the heart longitudinally based on the chambers it separates

pulmonary arteries

this carry blood to the lungs, where oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is unloaded

pulmonary circulation

its only function is to carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart

systematic circulation

oxygen-poor blood circulates from the tissues back to the right atrium via the systemic veins, which empty their blood into either the superior or inferior vena cava

to prevent backflow

What does the valves do?

apex

is directed toward the left hip and rests at about the fifth intercostal space

base

points toward the right shoulder and lies beneath shoulder and lies beneath the second rib

fibrous pericardium

pericardium

myocardium

endocardium

visceral pericardium

right atrium

right ventricle

left atrium

left ventricle

aorta

superior vena cava

pulmonary valve

tricuspid valve

pulmonary artery

pulmonary vein

mitral valve

aortic valve

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE.

The wall of blood vessels consists of 3 layers or tunics

Semilunar Valves

guards the bases of the two large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

Coronary Arteries

Branch from the base of the aorta and encircle the heart

Coronary Sinus

empties into the right atrium

Angina Pectoris

crushing chest pain due to rapidly beating of heart and myocardium receiving inadequate amount of blood

Cardiac Muscle cells

can and do contract spontaneously and independently, even if all nervous connections are severed

Sinoatrial Node

has the highest rate of depolarization in the whole system

Tachycardia

rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

Bradycardia

slow heart rate less than 60 bpm

fibrillation

a rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscles

pacemaker

a small device implanted under the skin on the chest wall that uses electrical impulses to correct arrhythmias

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Systole

Contraction of the heart

diastole

Relaxation of the heart

Blood Vessels

creates a closed transport system or vascular system

Arteries

away from the heart, gets more pressure from the heart

Arterioles

small arteries

Capillaries

Smallest blood vessels

veins

carry blood to the heart

venules

smaller veins, thin walls and don't maintain shapes

Arteries

The muscular and elastic tunica media is very thick to comply to the high pressure blood flow

Elastic Arteries

Largest arteries in the body with large diameters

Muscular arteries

tunica media contains smooth muscle and fewer elastic fibers

femoral arteries

a major blood vessel which carries blood from the bottom of your abdomen down to your lower limbs

Arterioles

means small arteries

arterioles

play a major role in regulating blood flow from arteries to capillaries by regulating resistance

Capillaries

This is the smallest blood vessels

Capillaries

the part that connects arterial flow to venous return

Venules

These blood vessels have thin walls and don't maintain shape

postcapillary venules

venules receive blood vessels from capillaries

veins

in general has thin walls and has all three layers