Cell Biology and Genetics Final (part 1)

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What are atoms?

Building blocks of atoms

What are elements?

Types of atoms (92 natural ones)

What are compounds?

Molecules composed of more than one element

What are the 4 essential elements living matter is made up of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

What disease can happen due to a lack of iodine?

Goiter

A strong chemical bond that happens when atoms share electrons

Covalent bond

A weak chemical bond that happens when a hydrogen with a partial positive charge bonds with an electronegative atom

Hydrogen bond

A weak chemical bond that happen when attractions between positive ions and negative ions +

Ionic bond

A property of water that creates surface tension and resistance against bonds being broken up

Cohesion

A property of water that allows water to stick to non water molecules

Adhesion

A property of water that allows water to absorb a lot of heat, high specific heat

Temperature moderation

A property of water that states that ice is less dense than water, allowing it to float

Significance of floating ice

A property of water that states that hydrophilic molecules dissolve in water

Solvent properties

Carbonic acid

Buffer in our blood

What are the four macromolecules?

Protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids/fats

Polymers

Large molecules made up of monomers

Dehydration reaction

Lose water to build molecule

Hydration reaction

Add water to break molecule

Monosaccharides

Simple sugar, one carbon ring

Disaccharides

Two simple sugars combined, two carbon rings

Polysaccharides

Many simple sugars combined, many carbon rings

The most common monosaccharide

Glucose

What are monosaccharides classified by?

Location of the carbonyl group and the number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Glycosidic linkage

The covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction

Common disaccharides

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Common polysaccharides

Starch, glycogen, cellulose

What are the uses of fats?

Long term energy storage, insulates against heat loss, protective cushion around major organs

Saturated fats

Single bonded carbon structure

Unsaturated fats

Double bonded carbon structure

Emulsifiers

Amphipathic molecules that help break down fat by mixing with water

Phospholipids

A phosphate group, glycerol and two fatty acids

Steroids

Four fused carbon rings

Amino acids

Monomer of proteins, 20 essential in the body

What do amino acids consist of?

Central carbon, hydrogen, carboxyl, amino group, and R group

What are the different types of proteins?

Structural, transport, signaling, enzyme, and protection

Natural protein folding diseases

Alzheimer’s, Parkinson

Inherited protein folding diseases

Cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s

Infectious protein folding diseases

Mad cow disease

Structural protein disease (Collagen)

Osteogenesis imperfecta (Brittle bone disease)

What are nucleotides composed of?

Phosphate group, nitrogenous base, pentose sugar

What are the bases for DNA

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Bases of RNA

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

3 domains of life

Archaea, prokaryote, eukaryote

Endosymbiotic theory

Eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes engulfing other prokaryotes

Prokaryotes

Lack membrane bound organelles, ribosomes, plasma membrane, nucleotide, cytoplasm

Eukaryotes

Membrane bound organelles, animal, plant, Protista, fungi

Plant cells

Contain chloroplast, central vacuole, cell wall, plasmodesmata

Animal cells

Contain gap junctions and centrioles

Nucleus

DNA storage and control center of the cell

Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria syndrome

Condition associated with unstable nucleus

Mitochondria

Energy production (ATP), has mtDNA

Chloroplast

Sugar synthesis, has cpDNA

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Protein production

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid synthesis, detoxify cell and calcium storage

Cytoskeleton

Structural support, anchors organelles into place, transport within the cell

Ribosomes

Protein production

Plasma membranes

Composed of phospholipids, proteins, and carbs, made of hydrophobic head and hydrophilic tail

Gap junctions

Transport between cells, composed of connexin proteins

Golgi apparatus

Tags and modifies protein for transport

Lysosome

Breaks down molecules in cell

Cell wall

Protection and maintain cell shape

Metabolic pathways

A chain of reactions to produce a single product

Unnatural products

Products such as high fructose corn syrup, trans fats, and artificial sweeteners that enzymes can’t recognize

Endergonic reaction

Absorbs energy, builds a molecule

Exergonic reaction

Release energy, molecule degradation