Comprehensive Sports Injury and Rehabilitation: Muscles, Ligaments, and Foot Anatomy

Isotonic

Movement through a ROM with a fixed amount of resistance, focused on movement at a joint with muscles shortening and lengthening. Ex. Bicep curl with dumbbell.

Concentric

Muscle shortens against resistance.

Eccentric

Muscles lengthen against resistance.

Isometric

Contraction with no joint movement. Ex. Plank.

Isokinetic

Contraction with fixed speed, equipment needed. Ex. Treadmill.

Muscular endurance

Ability to perform repetitive movements for an extended time.

Static stretching

Isolated, stretched, held for 30 sec (post aerobic activity).

Ballistic stretching

Do not use, specific muscle is isolated, quick stretch—> relaxed—> repeated.

Dynamic stretching

Moving a limb through a ROM.

Muscular power

the ability to exert force quickly. Heavy weight low reps. Ex. Box jump.

Mechanisms of knee injuries

deceleration task with high knee internal extension torque (with or without perturbation) combined with dynamic valgus rotation with the body weight shifted over the injured leg and the plantar surface of the foot fixed flat on the playing surface

Precursors to knee injuries

Change of direction, cutting maneuvers combined with deceleration.

Intrinsic factors

Too many. Ex. Anatomical (BMI, ACL size).

Taping indications

Provide support and stability, immediate first aid, secure a pad or brace, prevent injury, restrict angle of pull, psychological assistance.

Linen tape

Most common tape. Can be expensive

Elastic tape

Used when strong material is desired and for hyperextension injuries.

Hybrid tape

Mix of linen and elastic, used on muscles and joints that need more movement.

Moleskin

Adhesive, used when added strength is needed.

Kinesiology tape

Used to allow ROM, movement of fluids, reduce pain and pressure of underlying tissues.

Rigid tape

Used to improve joint movement by changing alignment or stabilizing a joint.

Turf toe

Goal: restrict the extension of the great toe.

Bunion

Goal: relieve pressure on medial aspect of great toe.

Longitudinal Arch

Goal: keep medial foot from flattening.

Closed basket weave

Goal: support the ankle joint and prevent inversion.

Achilles Tendon

Goal: restrict the amount of dorsiflexion at the ankle.

Elastic wrapping techniques

helpful for applying compression and support to an area, best for musculoskeletal sprains and strains, come in different sizes based on area

Open basket weave

Goal: prevent swelling in acute ankle sprains, not to be used during activity.

NOCSAE

National operating committee on standards for athletic equipment. Football, baseball, softball helmets.

CSA

Canadian Standards Association. Eye guards and ice hockey helmets.

achilles tendon rupture

• complete rupture of achilles tendon (commonly at 2-3 inc from calcaneus)

• Achilles tendon is the thickets tendon in the body

• sx: feeling of getting shot of kicked in the back of the leg, hearing a pop, pain unable to walk, swelling, deformity

• TX: splint, ice, crutches, refer to physician, surgical repair 4-6 month recovery

MOI for Achilles tendon rupture

Forced dorsiflexion, direct blow to the tendon, forceful contraction of the Gastroc, older population.

Great Toe Sprain (Turf toe)

Helps kick a ball, push off phase balance.

Plantar Fasciitis

Tough layer on the bottom of the foot becomes inflamed.

Lateral and medial ankle sprains

85% of ankle sprains are caused by excessive inversion, others are caused by excessive eversion.

Syndesmosis sprain

High ankle sprain.

Toe abnormalities

Hammertoes, Hallux valgus (bunion), Ingrown toenail.

Anterior compartment syndrome

Muscles of the anterior aspect of the tibia are compressed by swelling.

Types of fractures

Jones fracture, epiphyseal fracture, stress fracture.

Medial tibial stress syndrome

Overuse/chronic injury, medial muscle fibers become torn and irritated.

Achilles tendinitis

Overuse, repetitive movements causes Achilles tendon to break down and become inflamed.

Quad or hamstring strain

Groin strain

Hip flexor strain

Shoulder dislocation