The Language of Medicine Chapters 5 and 6

an/o

anus

append/o, appendic/o

appendix

bucc/o

cheek

cec/o

cecum

celi/o

belly, abdomen

cheil/o, labi/o

lip

cholecyst/o

gallbladder

choledoch/o

common bile duct

col/o, colon/o

colon

dent/i, dent/o, odont/o

teeth

duoden/o

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

enter/o

intestines (usually the small intestine)

enteroenterostomy

new opening between two previously unconnected parts of the small intestine

mesentery

a fold of the peritoneum that attaches the stomach, small intestine, pancreas, spleen, and other organs to the posterior wall of the abdomen.

parenteral

taken into the body or administered in a manner other than through the digestive tract

esophag/o

esophagus

faci/o

face

gastr/o

stomach

gingiv/o

gums

gloss/o, lingu/o

tongue

mandibul/o

lower jaw, mandible

or/o, stomat/o

mouth

palat/o

palate

pancreat/o

pancreas

peritonoe/o

peritoneum (membrane covering the abdominal organs)

pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

proct/o, rect/o

anus and rectum

pylor/o

pyloric sphincter

sialaden/o

salivary gland

sigmoid/o

sigmoid colon

uvul/o

uvula

amyl/o

starch

bil/i

bile

bilirubin/o

bilirubin (bile pigment)

chol/e

gall, bile

chlorhydr/o

hydrochloric acid

gluc/o, glyc/o

sugar

glycogen/o

glycogen, animal starch

lip/o, steat/o

fat

lith/o

stone

prote/o

protein

py/o

pus

sial/o

saliva, salivary gland

-ase

enzyme

-chezia

defecation, elimination of wastes

-iasis

abnormal condition

-prandial

meal

anorexia

lack of appetite

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Borborygmi

rumbling or gurgling noises produced by the movement of gas, fluid, or both in the gastrointestinal tract

constipation

difficulty in passing stools

diarrhea

frequent passage of loose, watery stools

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

eructation

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth (belching)

flatus

gas expelled through the anus

hematochezia

passage of fresh, bright red blood from the rectum

jaundice

yellow-orange coloration of the skin and whites of the eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in the blood

melena

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

nausea

unpleasant sensation in the stomach associated with a tendency to vomit

steatorrhea

fat in the feces; frothy, foul-smelling fecal matter

aphthous stomatitis

Inflammation of the mouth with small, painful ulcers; canker sores.

dental caries

tooth decay

herpetic stomatitis

inflammation of the mouth caused by infection with the herpesvirus (cold sores)

oral leukoplakia

white plaques or patches on the mucosa of the mouth

periodontal disease

inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone

Achalasia

failure of the lower esophagus sphincter muscle to relax

esophageal cancer

malignant tumor of the esophagus

esophageal varices

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

gastric cancer

malignant tumor of the stomach

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

hernia

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it

peptic ulcer

open sore in the lining of the stomach or duodenum

anal fistula

abnormal tube-like passageway near the anus

colonic polyps

polyps (benign growths) protrude from the mucous membrane of the colon

colorectal cancer

adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both

crohn disease

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

diverticulosis

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall of the colon

dysentary

painful inflammation of the intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

hemorrhoids

swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region

inflammatory bowel disease

inflammation of the colon and small intestine (crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis)

intussusception

telescoping of the intestines

irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)

group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation), but without abnormalities in the intestines

ulcerative colitis

chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers

volvulus

twisting of the intestine on itself

cholelithiasis

gallstones in the gallbladder

cirrhosis

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

pancreatic cancer

malignant tumor of the pancreas

pancreatitis

inflammation of the pancreas

viral hepatitis

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

-ectasis or -ectasia

dilation, widening

-emesis

vomiting

-pepsia

digestion

-phagia

eating, swallowing

-plasty

surgical repair

-ptysis

spitting

-rrhea

flow, discharge

-spasm

involuntary contraction, twitching

-stasis

stopping, controlling

-stenosis

narrowing, tightening

-tresia

opening