Final Exam Review

Semester 1 HB

Biology

The study of life

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested. The Data collected.

independent variable

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Hypothesis

A testable prediction, or educated guess.

covalent bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule. Strongest!

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.

Carbohydrates

Broken down to glucose to provide energy.

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Proteins

Chains of amino acids. Example is an Enzyme.

Acids

pH less than 7

Bases

pH greater than 7

polar

Describes a molecule that has a partial positive and negative charges. Example is water

universal solvent (water)

has the ability to dissolve most substances because of its polar,

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance (water sticking to water)

cell membrane

A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.

Nucleus

Control center of the cell. Contains DNA.

Chloroplasts

Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell (Photosynthesis)

Golgi body

A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them, and distributes them to other parts of the cell.

Ribosomes

Makes proteins

Eukaryotes have

nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

Prophase

Chromosomes become visible, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

Mitosis

cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the same number of chromosomes (genetically identical)

Endocytosis

process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane (Active transport)

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Passive Transport

Osmosis

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same (inside and outside the cell)

Hypertonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution outside the cell has less water (more solutes). Water leaves the cell.

Hypotonic

when comparing two solutions, the solution outside the cell has MORE water (less solutes). Water enters the cell.

facilitated diffusion

process of diffusion in which molecules pass across the membrane through cell membrane channels

concentration gradient

A difference in the concentration of a substance across a membrane

Eukaryote

A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

prokaryotic cell

cell lacking a nucleus and most other organelles

ATP

adenosine triphosphate (Energy)

Photosynthesis

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

cellular respiration

Process that releases energy (ATP) by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

What are the steps in photosynthesis?

light reactions and Calvin cycle

What are the steps in Cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis

2. Krebs Cycle

3. Electron Transport Chain

Transcription

DNA to RNA in the nucleus, enzyme - RNA Polymerase

DNA replication

The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself. Semiconservative replication

Helicase enzyme

Helps unwind strands of a double helix (DNA Replication)

Translation

mRNA - Protein, in Ribosomes

peptide bond

covalent bond formed between amino acids (make a protein)

Codon

three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino acid

Deoxyribose

sugar found in DNA

Ribose

sugar in RNA