cultural bias and similairties/ddifferences/criticisms

How did Tronick use the strange situation

Used to assess atachemt in collectvste cultures of the Effe tribe in Democratic republic of Congo

Found that even though child rearing is the task of all women - the infants still had one PAF (mother of each infant in this case)

Shows similarities in attachment styles across distinct cultures

Where did Ainsowrth study attachment and wha did she I find? What idea dos this support

Studied attachment in Uganda and Baltimore using natural observations

Found that secure attachment were remarkably similar between Uganda and Baltimore

In both cultures mothers who were the most caring had the strongest attachment to children

Supports idea that attachment is universal and that caregiver sensitivity is very important

Where did Fox study attachment

Used strange situation to study infants living on communal farms in Isreal

Infants cared for by nurses while parents working full time on farms

Fox found infants still had strongest attachment to mothers despite spending more time with nurses.

Supports idea that there are many similarities between cultures in terms of attachment

Supports monotropy theory form one primary attachment and all others are secondary

Who studied in Germany and found a difference? And how was this study used to show a weakness

Grossman and Grossman

Germans have strict traditions of keeping distance from others - many of the infants were labelled as having an insecure avoidant attachment

But this view is from UK

In Germany - attachment type is happy and secure

Means we must be careful when studying other cultures - may be biased towards our own culture.

How did Takashi find a difference in JAPAN

Observations demonstrated that were no insecure avoidant infants and elevated levels of insecure resistant infants

Must be careful of cultural bias

Infants are rarely ever left on own - meant the infants were terribly upset when seperated from PAF

90% observations had to be stopped

Japan has a different view on what secure attachment should be (may be cultural bias)

MI Kyoung Jin find in Korea?

Conducted strange situation with 87 Babis in Korea and found secure attachment was most common and then resistant with only one child identified as avoidant

Similar to results found in Japan

Similar cultures between Korea and Japan - child rearing supports the idea that culture influences the type of attachment shows in the strange situation and we must be careful of using imposed etic.

What are the strengths of indigenous researchers

• strength of VAN IJSENDOORN study is that several of the researchers were indigenous to the country. E.g Takashi is from Japan

• Increases validity - understood more about culture and better communication with ppt

• BUT SOME STUDIES - were not indigenous researchers ( Tronick is from USA and his study was in Congo) - may be culturally biased (not understood the Effe Tribe and how they raise children)

Who suggested the strange situation should not be used to understand different cultures and why/

Rothbaum

It was created inn US and is culturally biased

Takashi didnt find it appropriate to use strange situation to study attachment types in Japan because Nantes found. It so stressfull

It has imposed etic (*technique designed in one country to understand another*) - not valid

This causes mistakes to occur for example Japanese infants were wrongly said to have insecurely attached whilst in Japansee culture they show secure attachment