Lab Exam #1`

What are secretions from organs that travel through the body and affect other organs?

Hormones

The endocrine system consists of what?

Organs that secrete hormones

What are the four major glands of the endocrine system?

Pituitary gland, adrenal gland, thyroid gland, and parathyroid gland

4 characteristics of the endocrine system

Ductless, Hormones, glands, and internal release

Pea-sized gland that sits on the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Pituitary gland

The anterior Lobe of the pituitary gland is known as

Adenohypohysis

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is known as

neurohypophysis

What is attached to the hypothalamaus by way of blood vessel system but is not nervous tissue?

adenohypophysis

What is the magenta arrow pointing to?

adenohypophysis

What is the black arrow pointing to?

Neurohypophysis

The adenohypophysis is what in color when compared to the neurohypophysis

Darker in color

The neurohypophysis is attached to what?

Hypothalamus and it’s nervous tissue

Characteristics of adenohypophysis

Different embryonic origins, releasing hormones, and hypophyseal portal system

What is the hypophyseal portal system and how does it work?

A specialized network of blood vessels attached to the hypothalamus which allows for rapid & direct transit of hypothalamic hormones

Characteristics of neurohypophysis

Has the same embryonic origin as hypothalamus, neural connection, and soma’s in the hypothalamus

Cell types found in the adenohypophysis

Acidophil & basophil

Characteristics of acidophils

Rounded cells and smaller than basophils; pink in color

Function of acidophils

Secretes growth hormone & prolactin

Characteristics of basophil

Purple in color and larger than acidophils

Function of basophils

Secretes FSH, TSH, LH, & ACTH

Function of adenohypophysis

Secretion of growth hormones, thyroid stimulation hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), and prolactin

Acidophils secrete

hormones for growth

Basophils secrete

Trophs (nourishing hormones)

Functions of neurohypophysis

Storage and secretion of hormones produced in the hypothalamus.

Function of growth hormone

Stimulates bone and muscle growth

Function of TSH

Causes the thyroid glands to secrete thyroid hormones

Function of FSH

Stimulates endocrine activity; gamete formation

Function of Lutenizing Hormone

Stimulate ovulation/release testosterone

Prolactin

Milk production in females

What are the two parts of blood?

Plasma & Formed elements

What hormones are in the neurohypophysis

Antidiuretic and oxytocin

Antidiuretic hormone

Decreases urine output and increase blood pressure

Oxytocin

Stimulates urine contractions during childbirth

Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by the

Infundibulum

What is the green arrow?

Infundibulum

What is the blue arrow?

Hypothalamus

The red arrow points to

Pituitary gland

Blue arrow points to

infundibulum

Green arrow points to

Hypothalamus

Why is the adenohypophysis darker than the neurohypophysis?

Because it has a variety of cell classes responsible for producing many hormones. It also contains a lot more blood vessels than the neurohypophysis

Why is the neurohypophysis lighter?

Because it’s primarliy made up of unmyelinated axons from different neuron bodies

The black arrow points to what?

Hypothalamus

What does the red line indicate?

Infundibulum

What structure is indicative of the blue line?

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary)

The green arrow is pointing to?

Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

What are the three cell types in the pituitary gland?

Acidophil, basophil, and chromophobe

What color is a chromophobe?

White

Function of chromophobes

Precursor cells that later differentiate between acidophils or basophils.

Paired glands on top of the kidneys

Adrenal glands

What is the connective tissue that wraps each adrenal gland?

Capsule

What holds the adrenal glands in place on the kidney’s?

Adipose tissue

What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

Adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex is

External

Adrenal medulla is

Internal

What is the red arrow pointing to?

Capsule

What is the blue arrow pointing to?

Adrenal cortex

What is the purple arrow pointing to?

Adrenal medulla

Adrenal cortex function

Secretes a variety of hormones, like aldosterone, cortisol, and androgens

Function of adrenal medulla

releases catecholamines

Catecholamines

Hormones that induce the fight-flight-or-freeze response.

Catecholamines are made up of

80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine

Function of aldosterone

Regulation of blood pressure and electrolytes

Cortisol function?

Regulation of metabolism and suppresses the immune system

Function of androgens

Sex hormones

Functions of epinephrine

Sympathetic fight-or-flight

Another name for adrenal glands

Suprarenal glands

In this picture, what gland is present?

Adrenal glands

How many regions is the adrenal cortex divided into?

three

What are the three regions of the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa, Zona fasciculata, & Zona reticularis.

What is the outermost region of the adrenal cortex?

Zona glomerulosa

What part of the adrenal cortex is deep to the capsule?

Zona glomerulosa

Function of zona glomerulosa

Cells secrete aldosterone which controls blood pressure and blood volume

What region of the adrenal cortex is deep to the zona glomerulosa?

Zona fasciculata

Function of zona fasciculata

Secretes cortisol which controls stress response

Region deep to the zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Function of zona reticularis

Secreted androgens (sex hormone)

What region is indicated by the black arrow?

Capsule

What region is indicated by the black arrow

Zona glomerulosa

What region is indicated by the blue arrow?

Zona fasciculata

What region is indicated by the red arrow?

Zona reticularis

What region is indicated by the green arrow?

Adrenal medulla

Butterfly shaped gland found in the neck; anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx

Thyroid gland

How many lobes does the thyroid gland have?

Two

How are the two lobes of the thyroid gland connected>

By a thin strand called the isthmus

Function of thyroid gland

Makes thyroid hormone and clacitonin

What are the two types of thyroid hormones?

Tridothyronine (T3) and Thryroxine (T4)

Function of the thyroid homrones

Stimulates cell metabolism, development, and growth.

Function of calcitonin

Decreases osteoclast activity which reduces calcium levels in the blood as a result.

Connective tissue that separates the thyroid gland into small units are known as

lobules

Lobules contain spherical structures called

thyroid follicles

How are thyroid follicles lined?

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Thyroid follicles are made of?

Follicular cells

What do folliclar cells do?

Synthesize an inactive form of thyroid hormone known as thyroglobulin.

Thyroglobulin fluid

Colloid

Surrounding thyroid follicles is?

parafollicular cells

Function of parafollicular cells

The release of calcitonin in response to high blood calcium levels

What is the red circle?

Thyroid follicle

What does the black arrow indicate?

Colloid

Blue arrow is pointing to?

follicular cells

Purple arrow is pointing to?

Parafollicular cells