Unit 4 - all stuttering levels: typical core behaviors, secondary behaviors, feelings/ attitudes, underlying processes, Anxiety, Temperament, & Personality, spontaneous recovery,

Core Behaviors for borderline stuttering

More than 6-10 disfluencies per 100 words/More than 2 units in repetition/ More repetitions and prolongations than revisions or interjections

Secondary behaviors for borderline stuttering

Disfluencies are loose and relaxed/ Few, if any secondary behaviors/ No accessory movements before, during or after stutters

Feelings and attitudes for borderline stuttering

Little awareness/ Do not show concern or embarrassment

Underlying processes for borderline stuttering

Demands of speech/language development/ Higher speech rates/More complex language/ Competitive speaking situations/ Other attributes of a typical home

Core Behaviors for beginning stuttering

Muscle tension and hurry/ Repetitions are rapid and irregular with/abrupt terminations/Fixed articulatory postures

Secondary behaviors for beginning stuttering

Escape behaviors/ Pitch rise may be present/ Increased loudness as disfluency progresses

Feelings and attitudes for beginning stuttering

Increased awareness/ Feelings of frustration/ No strong negative feeling about self as a speaker

Underlying processes for beginning stuttering

Increase in muscle tension and tempo/Operant conditioning

Karass et al.(2006) showed a significant proportion of preschool children who stutter tend to

Become more emotional, Settle down less easily, Show less emotional control during everyday stressful situations

No evidence that emotional reactions to stuttering predict stuttering persistency

possible that a child's/parent's strong negative reactions to stuttering may negate potential recovery factors

A critical clue regarding natural/spontaneous recovery is

the change in the stutter-like disfluencies over time

A child whose severity level remains constant from onset past one year is

more likely to continue to stutter

A child exhibiting a downward trend in severity over the first year is

a strong sign for recovery

Another factor affecting natural recovery

Time since onset

Chance for recovery soon after onset is

around 75%

Chance for recovery one year after onset

is 63%

Chance for recovery two years after onset

47%

Chance for recovery three years after onset

16%

Core Behaviors for intermediate stuttering

Increased blocks/broken words/Repetitions and prolongations

Secondary behaviors for intermediate stuttering

Escape behaviors/Avoidance behaviors

Feelings and attitudes for intermediate stuttering

Fear before stuttering/Embarrassment during stuttering/Shame after stuttering/Frustration

Underlying processes for intermediate stuttering

Increase in muscle tension and tempo/ Operant conditioning/Avoidance conditioning

Core Behaviors for advanced stuttering

Blocks/broken words (longer, tenser)/Repetitions and prolongations

Secondary behaviors for advanced stuttering

Escape behaviors/Avoidance behaviors

Feelings and attitudes for advanced stuttering

Fear/ Embarrassment/ Shame/ Helpless/ Inept when stuttering occurs

Underlying processes for advanced stuttering

Increase in muscle tension and tempo/ Operant conditioning/ Avoidance conditioning/ Cognitive learning