IBUSH unit 2

Open Door Policy

called for all Western powers to have equal access to Chinese markets. This policy was made because of fear that other imperial powers would control China’s trade / resources.

Boxer Rebellion

A movement in China that opposed foreign businesses and missionaries from operating in China. Shut down in 1900 by a multinational force with American troops. Mckinely sending in troops without consulting congress set a precedent for future U.S presidents with more flexibility to send troops worldwide.

Guano Islands Act of 1856

Guano, a type of bird dropping, was a fertilizer integral to industrial farming in the U.S The act encouraged Americans to claim islands with guano for the U.S, and give the land to the U.S.

The big five

Were the 5 biggest sugar companies in Hawaii. Caused because of missionaries starting sugar plantations with land.

Porfirio Diaz

A corrupted president who was overthrown in 1910. Many Americans who invested money in Mexico pleaded for governmental help.

Victoriano Huerta

Dictator who overthrew the democratically elected Francisco Madera in 1913. Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize the Mexican government and demanded Huerta step aside, but he refused.

Venustiano Carranza

took power after Huerta, Wilson supporting Carranza angered Pancho Villa. Villa and his supporters attacked Columbus, New Mexico. Wilson ordered John Perishing to capture villa, but tensions in Europe caused him to withdraw.

American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions and the boards of missions of the Reformed Church of America

their efforts resulted in relatively few converts, missionaries helped establish hospitals and schools, and their work laid the foundation for the establishment of Western-style universities

Valerino Weyler

Spanish general forced Cubans to relocate to military camps to crush the revolution against Spain.

Spanish American War

A war that was caused by the U.S. trying to get Cuban Independence from Spain and the U.S. failing to negotiate an agreeable settlement with Spain.

Yellow Journalism in the Spanish American War

U.S. newspapers exaggerated or sensationalized reports of Spanish atrocities against the Cuban people. U.S newspapers also promoted inaccurate stories about the explosion of the Maine

President McKinley

President of the U.S., ordered battleship Maine to Havana Harbor, Cuba in 1898

Battleship Maine

Sat undisturbed in the Havana harbor for 2 weeks, until it exploded for unknown reasons. many Americans quickly blamed the Spanish for this.

William Randolph Hearst’s New York Journal

a yellow journal that called for war with Spain.

Commodore George Dewey

engaged the Spanish fleet outside Manila, destroyed it, and proceeded to blockade Manila harbor.

Cuba’s San Juan Heights

the most well-known battle of the war where the American Troops won, got fame for Theodore Roosevelt and his rough riders (cavalry)

Theodore Roosevelt

had been the assistant secretary of the navy but had resigned his position to see action in the war. His actions in Cuba made him a national celebrity.

Santiago de Cuba

A Spanish loss that ended the Spanish American War

Treaty of Paris

the treaty that U.S. and Spain signed that created a cease fire. also gave U.S Spain’s holdings of Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines.

John Hay

referred to the Spanish American War as a “splendid little war,” because Fewer than four hundred Americans died in battle

Brooklyn minister Lyman Abbott

declared that Americans were “an elect people of God” and saw divine providence in Dewey’s victory at Manila.

Senator Albert J. Beveridge

saw American victory as an opportunity for imperialism and said that America had a duty to discharge around the world. envisioned an American empire.

the Hawaiian Islands (and their rich plantations)

annexed by the U.S.

Both sides of the expansion of the U.S

Pros: economic and political advantages

Cons: imperial ambitions did not accord with the nation’s founding ideals.

American actions in the Philippines brought all of these discussions to a head.

Conversations after of Dewery’s victory in Manilla Bay

conversations about how to proceed occupied the attentions of political leaders and the popular press.

Would the Americans offer their support to the Filipinos and their ongoing efforts against the Spanish? Or would the Americans replace the Spanish as a colonial occupying force?

The walled City

American forces were instructed to secure Manila without allowing Philippine forces to enter the Walled City (the seat of the Spanish colonial government)

Fighting between American and Philippine forces (b4 the war)

a bloody series of conflicts that cost far more lives than the war with Spain. Caused because Filipinos fought for freedom against the very nation that had claimed to have liberated them from Spanish tyranny.

Emilio Aguinaldo

inaugurated as president of the First Philippine Republic (or Malolos Republic) in late January 1899.

Philippine-American War

often compared the guerrilla-style warfare in challenging and unfamiliar terrain to the American experiences in the so-called Indian Wars

two Philippine Commissions

The U.S. government sent two commissions to the Philippines to assess the situation and provide recommendations for a civilian colonial government.

William H. Taft

established a civilian administration with military support.

Debates about American imperialism

Should a former colony, established on the principles of freedom, become a colonizer itself?

• Many framed the Filipino conflict as a Protestant (religious-centered), civilizing mission.

• Others framed American imperialism as simply the extension of a never-ending westward American expansion

The American Anti-Imperialist League

protested American imperial actions. others embraced anti-imperialist stances because of concerns about immigration and American racial identity, afraid that American purity stood at risk by contact with strange and foreign peoples.

arguably the most visible and influential proponent of American imperialism at the turn of the century.

Roosevelt

what did Roosevelt emphasize on

developing the American navy and Latin America as a key strategic area of U.S. foreign policy

What did McKinely do to repay Roosevelts support of the Republican nominee

McKinley appointed Roosevelt as assistant secretary of the navy

why did Roosevelt have freedom in the secretary of the Navy position and what did he do with it

The head of the department, John Long, had a competent but lackadaisical managerial style

he used to network with such luminaries as military theorists Alfred Thayer Mahan and naval officer George Dewey and politicians such as Henry Cabot Lodge and William Howard Taft.

Why did Roosevelt help lay groundwork for new shipyards

he had the goal of e goal of projecting America’s power across the oceans.

Why did Roosevelt want to annex Hawaii

Roosevelt wanted to expand American influence, it would deny Japanese expansion and limit potential threats to the West Coast, it had an excellent port for battleships at Pearl Harbor, and it would act as a fueling station on the way to pivotal markets in Asia.

What did Roosevelt do with the fame and headlines after the war

ran as vice president under McKinley and rose to the presidency after McKinley’s assassination by the anarchist Leon Czolgosz in 1901.

What did Roosevelt do to promote american interests abroad

acted with vigor to expand the military, bolstering naval power

Alfred Thayer Mahan’s naval theories

influenced Roosevelt a great deal.

Roosevelts big stick

ensure U.S. leadership over strategically important regions in the Western Hemisphere.

The United States therefore more often used informal methods of empire, such as so-called__________, to assert dominance over the hemisphere.

dollar diplomacy

What did Roosevelt do throughout his time in office

exerted U.S. control over Cuba and Puerto Rico, and he deployed naval forces to ensure Panama’s independence from Colombia in 1903 in order to acquire a U.S. Canal Zone

What did Roosevelt pronounce to the Monroe Doctrine that proclaimed U.S. police power in the Carribiean

Roosevelt Corollary

how did Roosevelt expand the Monroe Doctrine

declaring that the United States had the right to preemptive action through intervention in any Latin American nation to protect the U.S.

what enabled the founding of the naval base at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

Roosevelt’s policy, it justified numerous and repeated police actions in “dysfunctional” Caribbean and Latin American countries by U.S. Marines and naval forces

gunboat diplomacy

the U.S. Navy and Marines would go to a country's capital to protect American and other Western people who were in danger. temporarily seize control of the government, and dictate policies friendly to American business, such as the repayment of foreign loans.

Roosevelt preached what

it was the “manly duty” of the United States to exercise an international police power in the Caribbean and to spread the benefits of Anglo-Saxon civilization to inferior states populated by inferior peoples.

Dollar diplomacy

Washington worked with bankers to provide loans to Latin American nations in exchange for some level of control over their national fiscal affairs. it was using money and business to solve problems and build good relationships with other nations.

Dollar diplomacy steps

Bankers saw Latin America as an opportunity for investment. Lenders took advantage of the region’s newly formed governments’ need for cash and exacted punishing interest rates on massive loans creditors needed the backing of their governments to take strong action and recover the debts from countries that couldn't pay them back.

What did the Monroe Doctrine provide the Roosevelt administration

diplomatic and international legal tradition through which it could assert a U.S. right and obligation to intervene in the hemisphere.

The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine asserted what

that the United States wished to promote stable, prosperous states in Latin America that could live up to their political and financial obligations.

What did Roosevelt say about uncivilized societies

He said that they may finally require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the United States cannot ignore this duty.

Margaret McLeod

was in need of income, made the acquaintance of Alexander MacWillie, the top salesman for the H. J. Heinz Company, and accompanied MacWillie on the rest of his tour. She drew attention to Heinz’s products, and projected an image of middle-class American domesticity. Heinz saw itself as a company that brought the blessings of civilization to the world

Was the overseas ventures strictly masculine as many commentaters said?

No, Women dominated on the economic and cultural side of imperialism and transmitted ideas about imperialism.

What was the racial theory back then

Human progressed through civilization in stages, and the white europeans / americans were the only ones who had attained the highest level of civilization which included an industrial economy and divided gender roles. In this high level of civilization, tech advances freed women from physical labor and allowed them to play important roles in imperialism.

Many white women felt that they had a duty to spread ____

the benefits of Christian civilization to those less fortunate than themselves.

how did American overseas ventures affect women’s influence in imperialism

the geographical range of possibilities encompassed practically the entire globe. White women now had a crucial role to play in the maintenance of civilization itself. They too would help determine whether civilization would continue to progress.

Jane Addams and Josephine Shaw Lowell

anti-imperialist activism was an outgrowth of their work in opposition to violence and in support of democracy.

how did Black female activists view imperialism

as a form of racial antagonism and drew parallels between the treatments of African Americans at home and, for example, Filipinos abroad

why did many Americans reacted negatively to the arrival of so many immigrants.

Some felt that the new arrivals were unfit for American democracy, and that Irish or Italian immigrants used violence or bribery to corrupt municipal governments. Others (often earlier immigrants themselves) worried that the arrival of even more immigrants would result in fewer jobs and lower wages.

anti - Chinese protests on the West Coast

caused by fears of fewer jobs, radical ideas, corrupt governments, etc.

Franklin Benjamin Sanborn, a member of the Massachusetts Board of State Charities

said that Immigration might bring some benefits, but “it also introduces disease, ignorance, crime, pauperism and idleness.”

the Page Act

banned the entry of convicted criminals that Asian laborers brought involuntarily, and women imported “for the purposes of prostitution,”

Chinese Exclusion Act

Congress suspended the immigration of all Chinese laborers

the Immigration Act

denying admission to people who were not able to support themselves and those, such as paupers, people with mental illnesses, or convicted criminals, who might otherwise threaten the security of the nation.

where was the center of immigrant sending regions moved to

The center of immigrant-sending regions shifted from northern and western Europe to southern and eastern Europe and Asia. These “new immigrants” were poorer, spoke languages other than English,

Gentlemen’s Agreement

Japan would stop issuing passports to working-class emigrants. Congress said they were the reasons of social problems and were inferior

how did different immigrant groups within the Church, including the Irish, Germans, Italians, and Mexicans, struggled with issues of assimilation and representation

Some bishops advocated for rapid assimilation into American culture, while conservative clergy warned against it, leading to tension within the Church until Pope Leo XIII emphasized the importance of a unified Catholic doctrine.

how did Catholics in America face challenges as an "outsider" religion in a predominantly Protestant society,

they faced anti-Catholic sentiment and doubts about their loyalty due to allegiance to the pope.