Final Exam LEQ 2022

Discuss the roles of women played in the Enlightenment as both participants and subjects of the discussion

Participants

• Mary Astell
  • Women needed higher education
  • Equality in marriage
• Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Founder of modern European feminism
  • Pointed out the arbitrariness of men over women in society
  • women should have equal rights
• Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin
  • Owner of a popular salon

Subjects

• Jean - Jaques Rousseau
  • Viewed women as "naturally different” from men
  • Believed women belonged in a domestic role
  • Male and female roles could never overlap
  • Women should not be allowed in politics
• Querelles des femmes
  • Women portrayed as
  • inherently base
  • prone to vice
  • easily swayed
  • “sexually insatiable”
  • Men believed women needed to be controlled
  • Science was used to support old views
  • Women’s larger hips meant their role was to childbaer
  • Smaller skulls meant smaller brains

Context

Women throughout history have often been ignored and pushed away from participating in new movements in Europe, given the role of housewives and little more. Throughout the scientific revolution, women were excluded from things such as scientific academies and scientific conversations. Despite this, said women continued to push and learn further past those boundaries. Women such as Maria Sibylla Merian withdrew from society to further research her causes.

Thesis'

As the scientific revolution came to a close, it opened the door for what was later known as the enlightenment, a movement of intellectuals who advocated for the use of reason, natural law, hope, and progress. Enlightenment thinkers such as Mary Astell, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Marie-Thérèse de Geoffrin pushed against social norms to be participants in the Enlightenment by writing about, speaking about, and standing for what they believed in, much like the female thinkers of the scientific revolution before them. Despite their work and dedication, these women were still the discussion of criticism from men such as Jean-Jaques Rousseau, who believed many things along with the idea that male and female roles could never overlap, as well as things such as the Querelles des femmes which attempted to prove that women were inherently inferior to men simply based on anatomy.

Discuss the extent to which the motto, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” was both supported and violated during the French Revolution

Liberty

• Supported
  • Serfdom abolished
  • The fall of the Bastille
  • King could no longer enforce his will
  • August 4, 1789
  • Elimination of the old regime
  • Monarchy abolished
  • Vendee revolt
  • Law of 14 Frimaire
  • De-Christianization dampened
  • Thermidorean reaction
  • churches reopened for worship
  • Constitution of 1795
  • national legislative assembly
• Violated
  • Reign of Terror
  • De-christianization

Equality

• Supported
  • Doubling the third
  • The decleration of right of man and citizen
  • end of exemptations from tax
  • freedom of men’s rights
  • freedom of speech and press
  • outlaw of arbitrary arrests
  • Reign of terror
  • everyone targeted
• Violated
  • Three estates still drastically divided
  • Third estate was give no voice in parliament
  • Voting by estate
  • Difference between active and passive citizens
  • only active could vote
  • Women clubs outlawed
  • women no longer allowed a voice
  • 1802
    • reenstatement of slavery in French west Indian colonies

Fraternity

• Suppported
  • National assembly swore to meet until constitution formed
• Violated
  • Pleas of help ignored by monarchs
  • Flight of Varennes
  • King shattered illusion of loyalty to subjects
  • Committe of public safety turned against radical supporters
  • executed leaders of pairs commune
  • turned into docile tool

Contextualization

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Thesis

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Evaluate the extent to which the political consequences of Britain's Glorious Revolution differed from the political consequences of the French Revolution

Contextualization

Political standings before the Glorious and French revolutions were rooted in absolutism. In Britain, King James II ruled with absolute power and tried to take away power from Parliament. He elevated Catholics to high standings in government and focused his efforts on the Catholic Church to separate himself from parliament further. In France, King Louis XVI was following Absolutism. He ruled based on heredity and did not listen to his people when they were starving, and instead spent his riches on himself and his wife. Both kings only cared about the upper-class nobility and ignored the lower classes, who were the majority of the population. This sparked the need for a revolution in both places. \n

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Thesis

The Glorious Revolution and the French Revolution were both consequences of similar governing styles and led to their own political consequences to varying extents. The French Revolution led to the creation of multiple French Constitutions and Napoleon’s civil code. In contrast, the Glorious Revolution led to the creation of the Bill of rights, there was a difference in violent activity, and the Glorious Revolution ended with two monarchs. In contrast, the French Revolution led to one.

Body Paragraph Topics

• Bill of rights vs Napoleonic code and french constitutions

  • glorious - bill of rights paved the path for constitutional monarchy
  • French - kind of made tyranny

• Violent activity differences

  • glorious - few, relate to how it was named the glorious revolution. Easy for William and Mary to interfere bc of permission
  • french- Many people were murdered, most without reason. Radical phase

• Number of monarchs (how they ruled compared to the other)

  • glorious - two, worked with parliament
  • french - one, more like a tyrant

  

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To what extent did Napoleon adhere to the enlightened ideals of the French Revolution?

Contextualization

The French Revolution wanted a government by the people, for the people. This was seen in the motto, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.” The revolution focused on the individualism of every person. One of the main goals of the revolution was for the lower classes to have a say in government. They did not have the same value as upper-class citizens and could not express themselves the same way. The Old Regime was abolished during the French Revolution. This made people equal and took away the estates.

Thesis

When Napoleon came to power he adhered to the enlightened ideals when it benefitted him. When it was good for him. He made the lycée system his civil code adhered to equality among men, and was tolerant of religions. When being enlightened hindered his power the Coup d’etat happened, he reinstituted slavery, and

Topics for the first body paragraph

• School
• Civil codes
• Tolerant of religion?

Topics for the second body paragraph

• Coup d’etat, Napoleon created a new constitution and republic, started napoleon’s dictatorship
• Put executive power in hands of three consuls, first consul’s  (napoleon) decision was final
• Controlled many important aspects of gov. Bureaucracy, legislature, army
• Reinstituted slavery

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