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Carbohydrates
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
Lipids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen (CHO)
Proteins
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, (CHON)
Nucleic acids
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus (CHONP)
What monomers are in carbohydrates?
monosaccharides/ simple sugar
what monomers are in lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
What monomers make up proteins?
amino acids
What monomers make up nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what polymer makes carbohydrates
polysaccharides, complex carbohydrates.
what polymer makes Lipids
none
What polymer makes proteins?
polypeptides
function of carbohydrates
quick energy
function of lipids
long term energy storage, making hormones, regulate hormones, etc
function of proteins
Assists in growth and repair. builds muscles, they make enzymes and hormones.
function of nucleic acids
store genetic information. DNA — RNA— proteins
examples of carbohydrates
bread, glucose, pasta, starch, fruit, fructose
examples of lipids
fats, oils, waxes (no-polar)
example of protein
Meat, eggs, beans, milk
examples of nucleic acids
DNA and RNA
Biological macromolecules
main molecules that build your body.
Catalyst
Substances that speed up chemical reactions
Activation energy
Energy required to start a chemical reaction
Enzyme
proteins that act as biological catalysts
Substrate
what enzymes bind with and eventually break down
Active site
The location on the enzyme where it binds to a substrate
Enzyme—substrate complex
enzyme bonded together with substrate before it is broken down
products
what is made after the enzyme reacts with the substrate
How do enzymes work to speed up chemical reactions?
Decrease the activation energy needed to start the reaction
Why can’t enzymes bind to any substrate?
because they are specific to a substrate.
What do all enzyme names end with
-ase
Are enzymes used up in a chemical reaction
no, they can be reused
Enzyme denaturing
proteins break down so the shape of the enzyme changes.
Can polar and non polar substances mix?
no
4 types of macromolecules
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
High heat capacity
the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given quantity of matter by one degree celsius.
Cohesion
the attraction of molecules to other molecules of the same kind
Adhesion
the attraction of molecules to other molecules of different kinds
Why is water so important to us?
It helps maintain homeostasis, provides the right environment in our cells so chemical reactions can occur, helps maintain the shape of our cells, removes waste, carries nutrients.
Surface tension
cohesion of water molecules at the surface of a body of water
What type of bond causes water to form a complex structure when it freezes?
Hydrogen bonding
Why can ice float?
air pockets in ice
What is the universal solvent and why?
Water, because it can dissolve other polar or charged substances
Solubility
the amount of a substance that can dissolve into a solution
Solvent
any substance, liquid
Solute
dissolves into the solvent
Why can’t oil and water mix?
oil is non polar and water is polar.
ionic bond
atoms gain or lose electrons to become stable
lock and key method
a specific enzyme works with specific substrates
dehydration synthesis
occurs when two molecules are joined by removing water.
hydrolysis
The separation of two monomers by adding water
covalent bond
hydrogen bond
bond where one of the molecules is water
the location of acids on the ph scale
less than 7
the location of bases on the ph scale
greater than 7
neutral on the ph scale
7
the significance of enzymes in digestion
enzymes break the food down
the significance of enzymes in the maintenance of human homeostasis
because they speed up chemical reactions in the body
why is water polar?
The unequal sharing of electrons between the atoms and the unsymmetrical shape of the molecule
monomer
a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
polymer
large molecules made by bonding (chemically linking) a series of building blocks.
what is A?
substrate
what is B?
active site
what is C?
enzyme
what is D?
enzyme + substrate entering active site
what is E?
enzyme/substrate complex
what is F?
enzyme/products complex
what is G?
enzyme + products leaving active site
what is H?
products
exothermic reaction
energy being released, hot
endothermic
energy being absorbed, cold.
ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at a cellular level
What would be the consequences be for life if ice was denser than liquid water?
Everything would die because the lake would freeze entirely.
polar covalent
shares electrons unequally
non polar covalent
shares electrons equally.
why is adhesion important to the human body
allows for the maintenance of tissue and organ structure
why is cohesion important to the human body
prevents substances from the human body from separating
why is density important to the human body
different body parts need different densities to function
why is high heat capacity important to the human body
it helps us regulate our body temperature
what is a synonym for high heat capacity?
specific heat
why is universal solvent important to the human body
water is essential for the human body because it maintains homeostasis, carries nutrients, etc.
what are some other names for macromolecules
organic molecules, polymers, biochemical molecules
what are some examples of enzymes in the body?
amylase, lipase, protease
why is ph important to all living systems?
the enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions of life require a specific pH in order to function.
what macromolecule does this structure represent?
carbohydrates
what macromolecule does this structure represent?
lipids
what macromolecule does this structure represent?
nucleic acid
what macromolecule does this structure represent?
proteins
how does water dissolve salt?
Water molecules pull the sodium and chloride ions apart, breaking the ionic bond that held them together.
how can temperature and ph affect the shape of an enzyme
because it can denature enzymes
organic compounds
macromolecules
phospholipids
forms a cell membrane
saturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids
contain one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group (–COOH)
like dissolves like
Polar/ionic solvents dissolve polar/ionic solutes and non-polar solvents dissolve non-polar solutes.
why is carbon able in so many different type of molecules
4 valence electrons
what is the difference between saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
which three elements are normally found in organic compounds?
CHO
what four groups of macromolecules are soluble in water?
carbohydrates and proteins
atom
a particle of matter that uniquely defines a chemical element.
what are some examples of unsaturated fatty acids?
avocado, nuts, olive oils, and vegetable oils
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