Untitled Flashcards Set

Diversity in Education

The representation of various social and cultural identities among students, including race, ethnicity, language, socioeconomic status, marital status, and disabilities.

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Economic and social position based on income, education, and occupation, often associated with student achievement and outcomes.

No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

A U.S. law that aimed to improve student achievement and close educational gaps, holding schools accountable for students' academic performance.

Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)

The 2015 reauthorization of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act, which emphasizes state control and reduces punitive measures compared to NCLB.

Teacher Efficacy

A teacher's belief in their ability to help students learn, which can positively impact student achievement.

Assessment Types in Education

Methods used to evaluate student learning, including state-level assessments and national achievement tests.

Correlation Studies

Research methods that examine the relationship between two or more variables, indicating strength and direction but not causation.

Experimental Studies

Research that investigates cause-and-effect relationships by inducing changes and observing results, often using control and experimental groups.

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Research

Qualitative research involves in-depth exploration of subjects (e.g., case studies), while quantitative research uses numerical data and statistics to examine relationships.

Scientific-Based Research

Educational programs and practices must be based on peer-reviewed, systematic studies that provide evidence of effectiveness and informative outcomes.

Longitudinal Studies

Research that observes subjects over a long period to analyze changes and developments, often expensive and time-consuming.

Classroom Management

The techniques and strategies teachers use to maintain a productive learning environment and address student behavior.

Positive Teacher-Student Relationships

The quality of interactions between teachers and students, which significantly influences student engagement and achievement.

Technological Savvy among Students

Students' ability to use and engage with technology, often surpassing that of their teachers, impacting modern education.

Special Education

Educational programs designed to accommodate students with disabilities, often integrated within general education settings.

Ethnography in Education

A research method focusing on studying naturally occurring events in a group's life to understand the cultural meanings to participants.

Developmental Disabilities

Disabilities that affect physical, learning, language, or behavior, impacting the student's educational experience and integration.

Teacher Preparation and Mentorship

The training and support new teachers receive to transition from education to practice, including mentoring opportunities.

Cumulative Effects of Teaching Quality

The long-term impact of teaching effectiveness on student achievement over time, emphasizing that earlier experiences influence later outcomes.

Cultural Membership

Each person belongs to multiple cultural groups defined by geography, nationality, ethnicity, gender, social class, religion, and language.

Visible vs. Invisible Culture

Visible culture includes observable aspects like customs and traditions, while invisible culture encompasses implicit beliefs, biases, and communications.

Schemas

Cognitive frameworks that help individuals organize and interpret information about groups, which can lead to stereotypes.

Racial Prejudice

Irrational generalizations about a race, often resulting in negative bias or discrimination against individuals within that group.

Cultural Misunderstandings

Conflicts arising from differences in cultural beliefs and values between students and teachers.

Achievement Gap

The disparity in academic performance between groups of students, often linked to socioeconomic status and cultural background.

Educational Equity

The principle of fairness in education, ensuring that personal or social circumstances do not hinder a student's academic success.

Resistance Culture

A phenomenon where students, often from low-income backgrounds, may resist academic achievement as a response to perceived cultural alienation.

Long-Term Effects of Prejudice

Continuous exposure to prejudice can lead to disidentification from academic pursuits and a decline in motivation and engagement.

Culturally Responsive Teaching

Teaching that recognizes the importance of including students' cultural references in all aspects of learning.

Gender Nonconformity

Behaviors or identities that do not fit traditional gender norms, which can be vulnerable to stigma and discrimination.

Title IX Protections

Federal law that prohibits discrimination based on sex in any educational program or activity receiving federal financial assistance.

Multicultural Education

An educational approach that seeks to foster equity and inclusivity across diverse cultural backgrounds and perspectives.

Pragmatics of Communication

The rules regarding how, when, and where to engage in conversation within different cultural contexts.

Equity Pedagogy

Teaching strategies that accommodate diverse students' needs to ensure equitable educational outcomes.

Gross-Motor Development in Preschool Age

Improvements in balance, allowing children to run, jump, and climb more effectively.

Fine-Motor Development in Preschool Age

Involves coordination of small movements, facilitating activities like painting, coloring, and building with Legos.

Establishment of Handedness

During preschool, children typically establish whether they are left or right handed.

Elementary School Development

Characterized by steady growth where children become taller, leaner, and stronger; girls tend to be larger than boys during ages 11-14.

Puberty in Adolescence

The onset of puberty begins around age 10, with girls typically completing it by age 15-16 and boys continuing to grow until age 19.

Impact of Early Maturation on Boys

Boys who mature early may experience increased popularity but also engage in delinquent and risky behaviors.

Impact of Early Maturation on Girls

Girls who mature early may face negative consequences, including emotional difficulties, disordered eating, and earlier engagement in sexual activity.

Guidelines for Physical Development Support

Address development differences without highlighting them; provide inclusive activities and accommodate varying skill levels.

Role of Play in Development

Play is essential for social and cognitive development across all ages, evolving from simple actions in infancy to structured games in adolescence.

Recess and Physical Activity Benefits

Regular recess and exercise contribute to better behavior, socialization, and physical health.

Childhood Obesity Trends

The rate of childhood obesity has more than doubled in the last 30 years, heavily influenced by socioeconomic factors and lifestyle habits.

Anorexia Nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by an intense fear of gaining weight, leading to severe restriction of food intake and a distorted body image.

Bulimia Nervosa

An eating disorder involving cycles of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors such as vomiting or excessive exercise.

Guidelines for Promoting Positive Body Image

Support adolescents by providing facts about body image, listening to concerns, and making resources available.

Bronfenbrenner's Theory of Development

A theory emphasizing the interaction of nature and nurture, with individuals actively influencing and influenced by their environments.

Social Contexts for Family Development

The family's structure and dynamics, which serve as the first context for a child's development, are increasingly varied in the U.S.

Authoritative Parenting Style

Characterized by high warmth and high control, with clear expectations enforced affectionately.

Secure vs. Insecure Attachment

Secure attachment fosters confidence in exploration, while insecure attachment can lead to anxiety and difficulties in relationships.

Guidelines for Assisting Children with Divorce

Look for signs of distress, talk to children about their feelings, and help maintain self-esteem during transitions.

Peer Culture and Development

Children's development is shaped by peer groups which have their own norms, rules, and social dynamics.

Types of Aggression in Children

Includes instrumental (goal-oriented), hostile (intended to harm), overt (physical), relational (social harm), and cyberbullying.

Identity Development in Adolescence

Involves exploration of beliefs, values, and behaviors, leading to commitment and a clearer sense of self.

James Marcia's Identity Statuses

Categories of identity development: achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and diffusion, reflecting different levels of exploration and commitment.

Nature vs. Nurture in Development

The ongoing debate concerning the relative impact of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) on human development.

Continuity vs. Discontinuity

The concept that development can occur gradually and smoothly or in abrupt, distinct stages, resembling a staircase.

Critical vs. Sensitive Periods

Critical periods refer to specific times when certain abilities must develop, while sensitive periods are times when individuals are more receptive to certain experiences.

Four Types of Development

Physical, personal, social, and cognitive development that occur throughout a person's life.

Principles of Development

Development occurs at different rates, follows an orderly sequence, and typically takes place gradually.

Brain Plasticity

The brain's ability to change and adapt as a result of experience; includes experience-expectant and experience-dependent plasticity.

Neurogenesis

The process of producing new neurons in the brain, which continues into adulthood.

Myelination

The process of forming a myelin sheath around neuron axons, enhancing the speed and efficiency of neural communication.

Cerebral Cortex Functions

Responsible for problem-solving and language, and is the last part of the brain to develop fully.

Lateralization of Brain Function

The specialization of brain hemispheres, with the left side typically associated with language and the right side with visual-spatial processing.

Limbic System Development in Adolescence

The limbic system develops faster than the prefrontal cortex, influencing emotion and risk-taking behavior in adolescents.

General Principles for Teachers

Recognizes brain limitations but also emphasizes multiple pathways for teaching, the importance of practice, and the role of emotions in learning.

Stages of Moral Development

Preconventional (self-interest), conventional (adherence to rules/laws), and postconventional (principled conscience), with a distinction between reasoning and behavior.

Self-Concept vs. Self-Esteem

Self-concept refers to a differentiated understanding of oneself, while self-esteem is related to one's judgment of self-worth

Jean Piaget

A Swiss psychologist recognized for his contributions to child development and his cognitive development theory, which outlines how children's thinking matures over time.

Piaget's 4 Factors of Change

Four elements identified by Piaget that influence cognitive development: maturation, activity, social experience, and equilibrium.

Maturation

Biological changes that are preordained by genetics, impacting cognitive growth.

Disequilibrium

A condition in Piaget's framework where existing cognitive frameworks fail to make sense of new information.

Assimilation

The integration of new information into preexisting cognitive frameworks without altering their structure.

Accommodation

The modification of existing cognitive frameworks or the formation of new ones in reaction to unfamiliar information.

Piaget's Stages of Development

A sequence consisting of four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational, each signifying distinct cognitive capabilities.

Object Permanence

The understanding acquired in the sensorimotor stage that objects remain in existence even when not visible.

Semiotic Function

A developmental ability in the preoperational stage that allows children to use symbols (such as words and images) to represent objects.

Concrete Operations

The developmental stage (ages 7-11) where children gain an understanding of conservation, identity, and compensation, and can logically manipulate concrete objects.

Formal Operations

The concluding stage (beginning in adolescence) identified by the capacity for abstract thinking, deductive reasoning, and manipulation of variables.

Adolescent Egocentrism

A period in adolescence characterized by a self-centered perspective, often resulting in behaviors like the imaginary audience concept.

Sociocultural Theory

Vygotsky's framework that highlights the importance of social interactions and cultural contexts in shaping cognitive development.

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

The spectrum of tasks achievable by a child with assistance, emphasizing the collaborative nature of learning.

Private Speech

Inner dialogue for self-regulation, considered vital to cognitive development by Vygotsky, contrasting with Piaget's view of it as immature.

Cultural Tools

The instruments and systems of symbols within a culture (such as language) that enhance communication, learning, and reasoning skills.

Higher Mental Processes

Cognitive functions like attention and memory that are developed through social interactions as proposed by Vygotsky.

Limitations of Piaget's Theory

Critiques suggest that Piaget's model may be overly rigid, potentially underestimate children's capabilities, and neglect cultural factors.

Limitations of Vygotsky's Theory

Critiques indicate a possible overemphasis on social interactions, suggesting that children also learn independently, and that his theory lacks detail regarding specific cognitive processes.

Role of Attention

Attention is crucial for effectively processing information. It allows individuals to filter through competing stimuli, focusing on what matters most to maximize learning and comprehension.

Selective Attention

Selective attention refers to the cognitive process of focusing on specific stimuli while deliberately ignoring others. This capability is essential for efficient learning and enables deeper engagement with relevant information.

Automaticity

Automaticity is the ability to carry out tasks with little or no conscious thought after repeated practice, which is especially significant in skills such as reading and arithmetic, where fluency enhances overall learning.

Attention in the Classroom

Strategies for capturing and maintaining students' attention in the classroom setting include directing their focus towards critical content, creating environments with minimal distractions, and fostering automatic responses, particularly in core subjects like reading and mathematics.

Cognitive Resources

Cognitive resources refer to the mental capacity allocated to various tasks. Attention plays a vital role as it allows cognitive resources to be effectively dedicated to complex problem-solving and higher-order thinking.

Working Memory (WM)

Working memory comprises the information currently being focused on, integrating both storage and processing functions, which makes it indispensable for tasks requiring immediate recall and manipulation of information.

Short-Term Memory (STM)

Short-term memory serves as a temporary storage facility that retains information for brief durations without engaging in deeper cognitive processing, making it essential for immediate tasks.

Memory Strategies

Memory strategies, including mnemonics, are techniques designed to enhance the retention and recall of information by creating meaningful associations or enhancing the organization of material.

Cognitive Load

Cognitive load denotes the amount of mental effort demanded by working memory during task performance. It's a key consideration in instructional design, guiding educators to balance task complexity and current knowledge.