Ethics (IB optional theme)

Kantian Ethics

Ethical theory by Immanuel Kant focusing on moral rationalism, good will, and autonomy.

Categorical Imperatives

Moral commands in Kantian ethics, including universalizability, humanity, and kingdom of ends.

Phenomenal Realm

Kant's world of appearances and experience, limited to human perception and senses.

Nominal Realm

Kant's realm shaped by senses and mental faculties, contrasting with the noumenal realm.

Utilitarianism

Ethical theory maximizing overall happiness for the greatest number, focusing on consequences.

Principle of Utility

Utilitarianism's concept of choosing actions for the most overall happiness.

Virtue Ethics

Ethical theory emphasizing character development and virtues for moral living.

Eudaimonia

Ultimate goal of human life in virtue ethics, achieved through virtuous actions and reason.

Ethical Egoism

Normative theory advocating individuals act in self-interest, prioritizing personal well-being.

Meta-ethics

Study of ethical language and frameworks, exploring moral semantics and logical structures.