Health Exam Revision

Life expectancy

The average number of years a person can expect to live, if death rates do not change. 

Health adjusted life expectancy

A measure of population health that considers mortality and morbidity. It adjusts overall life expectancy by the amount of time lived in less than perfect health.

Incidence

The number of new cases in a given period, usually a year.

Prevalence

The total number of cases at a given time.

Mortality

The state or condition of being subject to death/death rates, generally per 100,000.

Morbidity

Refers to ill health, including disease, injury and disability, in an individual, and the level of ill health in a population. 

Gender

The societal view of a sex that a person identifies with.

Sex

Biological and relates to the anatomy of the reproductive system.

Sexuality

A person's identity in relation to the gender or genders to which they are typically attracted.

Health and wellbeing

Relates to the state of a person’s physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual wellbeing and is characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Health status

An individual’s or a population’s overall health (and wellbeing), taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

Physical health and wellbeing

Relates to the functioning of the body and its systems; it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks.

Mental health and wellbeing

Relates to the state of a person’s mind or brain and the ability to think and process information. Optimal mental health and wellbeing enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic, and is associated with low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self-esteem, as well as a sense of confidence and optimism.

Emotional health and wellbeing

The ability to recognise, understand and effectively manage and express emotions as well as the ability to display resilience.

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the mind and conscience of human beings. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on a person’s place in the world. Spiritual health and wellbeing can also relate to organised religion, a higher power and prayer, values, a sense of purpose in life, connection or belonging.

Social health and wellbeing

The ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

DUDDS

Date, Unit, Direction, Data, Subject

Burden of disease

The impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between the current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

Disability adjusted life years

A measure of the time lost due to premature death and illness (YLL + YLD)

Trend

The general direction in which something is developing or changing over time.

Rules for L plates

Must have a fully licensed driver with you in the car

Must have L plates visible at the front and back of the vehicle

Must have a BAC level of 0.0

Cannot tow a trailer

Rules for P plates

Must have P plates visible at the front and back of the vehicle

Must have a BAC level of 0.0

Cannot tow a trailer (only on P1’s)

Can only have 1 other passenger that is between the ages of 16-22 (excluding siblings and partners)

Difference between legal and illegal drugs

A legal drug is a drug that is accepted by law and can be purchased with or without a prescription, depending on the drug. Illegal drugs are not accepted by law and and is a crime to use, possess, or produce these drugs.

What do depressants do

Depressants slow down the signals between the brain and the central nervous system.

Effects of depressants

Slow brain function, slowed pulse and breathing, lowered blood pressure, poor concentration, confusion, fatigue, dizziness, slurred speech, dilated pupils, disorientation, lack of coordination.

Examples of depressants and whether they are legal or illegal

• Alcohol - legal

• cannabis - illegal

• heroin - illegal

• valium - legal

What do stimulants do

Stimulants speed up the signals between the brain and the central nervous system.

Effects of stimulants

Increased alertness, awareness, wakefulness, endurance, productivity, motivation, and heart rate, blood pressure, and a diminished desire for food and sleep.

Examples of stimulants and whether they are legal or illegal

• Caffeine - legal

• cocaine - illegal

• amphetamine - illegal

• meth - illegal

What do hallucinogens do

Hallucinogens cause you to see, hear, feel, taste, and smell things that aren’t actually there.

Effects of hallucinogens

Blurring of the senses, feeling detached from the body, distortions of time, direction and distance, relaxation, accelerated heart rate, dilated pupils, nausea and loss of appetite.

Examples of hallucinogens and whether they are legal or illegal

• LSD - illegal

• magic mushrooms - illegal

• ketamine - legal

• ecstasy - illegal

• cannabis (in high dosages) - illegal

What do date rape drugs do

Will generally make you drowsy/loopy, might cause limited vision, movement, hearing, etc.

Examples of date rape drugs

Rohypnol, GHB, ketamine.

Resilience

The ability to bounce back from hardship and strive in the face of adversity.

Healthy relationship characteristics 

Respecting boundaries, good communication, trusting, supportive, respectful.

Unhealthy relationship characteristics

Pushy, controlling, not respecting boundaries, abusive, disrespectful, cheating, dishonesty.

Types of domestic violence

Physical, emotional, social, spiritual, sexual, financial, child abuse.

What are nutrients

A substance that provides nourishment essential for the maintenance of life and for growth.

What are macro nutrients

Macronutrients are the nutrients we need in larger quantities that provide us with energy.

Examples of macro nutrients

Fat, protein and carbohydrates.

What are micro nutrients

Micronutrients are vitamins and minerals that are needed by the body in very small amounts.

Examples of micro nutrients

Iron, calcium, vitamins, iodine.

What is the function of carbohydrates and what foods provide it

Provides the body with glucose, which is converted into energy. Food source include bread, pasta, potatoes, and rice.

What is the function of protein and what foods provide it

Builds and repairs muscles, regulates the immune system, hormone production. Food sources include lean meats, fish, and eggs.

What is the function of calcium do and what foods provide it

Strengthens your bones and teeth. Food sources include milk, yoghurt, and cheese.

What is the function of iron and what foods provide it

Your body uses it to make hemoglobins, which allows red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body. Food sources include dried fruit, legumes, dark leafy green vegetables, and red meat.

What are the different types of fats, what is their function, and what foods provide them

The body uses fat to store energy. Monounsaturated can be found in avocados, nuts, and olives, polyunsaturated fats are found in fish, corn, and walnuts, trans fats can be found in most commercial baked goods, and saturated fats are found in butter, sausages, and bacon.

What is the function of vitamin A and what foods provide it

Its main purpose is for maintaining good vision, but it also helps immune function and cell growth. Food sources include fish, eggs, and dairy products.

What is the function of vitamin B and what foods provide it

Its main purpose is converting glucose into energy, but it also helps create new blood cells and maintain healthy skin. Food sources include broccoli, peas, and spinach.

What is the function of vitamin C and what foods provide it

It helps to protect cells and keeps them healthy, and to repair and maintain bones, teeth, and cartilage. Food sources include citrus fruits, capsicum, and tomatoes.

What is the function of vitamin D and what foods provide it

It regulates the absorption of calcium phosphorus for optimal bone growth, and helps maintain gut health and immune function. Food sources include salmon and other fish, and it can also be absorbed from the sun.

What is the function of folate and what foods provide it

It helps to form red blood cells, make DNA, and helps cells grow and multiply. Food sources include dark leafy green vegetables, fruit, and avocado.

What is the function of iodine and what foods provide it

It is needed to make thyroid hormones, which help regulate the body’s metabolism. Food sources include fish, dairy products, and seaweed.

How many kilojoules should you consume each day

8,700kj is the recommended amount for the average adult.

How many teaspoons of sugar is recommended per day (females and males)

9 for males, 6 for females.

What are the 5 Australian dietary guidelines

1. To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.

2. Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups every day.

3. Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

4. Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

5. Care for your food; prepare and store it safely.

What are the 5 food groups in the Australian guide to healthy eating, and their recommended servings for your age group.

• Vegetables and legumes/beans - 5.5 serves for males, 5 serves for females

• Grain (cereal) foods, rolled oats mostly wholegrain and/or high cereal fibre varieties - 7 serves

• Lean meats and poultry, fish, eggs, tofu, nuts and seeds and legumes/beans - 2.5 serves

• Milk, yoghurt, cheese and/or alternatives, mostly reduced fat - 3.5 serves

• Fruit - 2 serves

What food labelling tricks do brands use to make a product seem more healthy

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What is the 4p factor model

It is a framework for organising the different risk and protective factors for a mental disorder into 4 groups: Predisposing, precipitating, perpetuating, and protective.

What is a risk factor

Any characteristic/event that increases the likelihood of a mental disorder.

What is a predisposing risk factor, and what are some examples

Increases susceptibility to a specific mental disorder. e.g. inherited traits, exposure at birth, brain chemistry.

What is a precipitating risk factor, and what are some examples

Increases susceptability to and contributes to the occurrence of a specific mental disorder. e.g. stressful situations, dysfunctional behaviours, oppression, traumatic experiences.

What is a perpetuating risk factor, and what are some examples

Maintains the occurrence of a specific mental disorder and inhibits recovery. e.g. drugs, social isolation, relationship difficulties, circumstances, medical conditions.

What is a protective risk factor, and what are some examples

Prevents the occurrence/reoccurrence of mental disorders. e.g. good diet, good health, adequate sleep, ability to recognise symptoms, positive relationships, support.

What is psychological distress

Refers to non-specific symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression.

Mood disorders

Mood disorders is any group of conditions of mental and behavioural disorders where a disturbance in the person’s mood is the main underlying feature.

Examples of mood disorders and their explanation and symptoms

• Bulimia - an eating disorder where you binge eat and then quickly try to lose the weight. Symptoms: Regular, often secretive bouts of overeating followed by self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, concerns about body weight.

• Anorexia - an eating disorder causing people to obsess over their weight and what they eat. Symptoms: Distorted body image, fear of being overweight, starvation, fatigue, anxiety.

• Depression - a disorder characterised by a persistently depressed mood or loss of interest in activities. Symptoms: Persistent sadness, loss of interest, low energy level, low self-esteem.

• Bipolar - a disorder associated with episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs. Symptoms: Mood swings, difficulty sleeping/excessive sleep, high energy.

• PTSD - a disorder characterised by failure to recover after experiencing or witnessing a terrifying event. Symptoms: Agitation, hostility, social isolation, flashbacks, severe anxiety, guilt.

What are some mental health challenges that youths face?

Stress, anxiety, depression, alcohol, drugs, body image, popularity.

What are some strategies to promote positive metal health

Stay active, stay social, relax, eat well, get adequate sleep.

Where can you get help if you are struggling with your mental health

Kids helpline, black dog institute, bite back, reach out, lifeline, headspace, beyond blue / youth beyond blue

Support services for domestic violence

Lifeline, orange door, kids help line, 1800 respect

What are some causes of road fatalities, and how can you avoid them

• Drink driving, which can be avoided by getting an uber, or getting a sober friend to drive.

• Distraction, which can be avoided by removing any distractions that may be there, or attempting to ignore them if they cannot be removed.

• Texting, which can be avoided by keeping your phone off and out of your hands at all times when you are in the driver’s seat.

• Weariness, which can be avoided by stopping and taking a power nap if you need to, and making sure you have gotten enough sleep the night before a long drive.

• Speeding, which can be avoided by never going above the speed limit indicated.