Developmental psych 1

I am literally losing my mind whilst I study it- Cheers!

Development

life long, multidirectional. Systematic changes and continuities in individuals between conception and death “womb to tomb”

Conceptualizing

Prenatal Period- conception to birth

infancy- first two years of life

Preschool period-2-5 years

Middle childhood- 6-10

adolescence- 10-18

emerging adulthood-18-25

early adulthood- 25-40

middle adulthood-40-65

late adulthood- 65 or older

Age range IS approximate. This is _________ the life span

\

emerging adulthood

Transitional period between adolescents and full-fledged adulthood that extends from 18 to 25 sometimes as late as 29

Five factors of Emerging adulthood

Identity exploration- finding who you are.

instability- frequent changes in where you live, work, love.

self-focus- little to no responsibilities for others

feeling in-between

feeling of possibilities

historical

periods in history have shaped how we behave. children of 17th century Europe and north America were seen as little adults lawfully. laws were passed to ban child labor and schooling was made compulsory and separated youth from adults. This is how _______ influence behavior

Culture

Gender, race and other significant characteristics mean different things in different (______) .__ Different (____) can put children on different development pathways.

This is how _____ Influence behavior.

age grade

What status, race, privileges, and responsibilities for that age. U.S are adults when they turn 18. Japan has a ritual at 20

Subcultural

African, Hispanic, native, Muslim, Asian, and European American individuals have a very different developmental experience. They could be from low or high SES. This is how _____ influence behaviors

Historical trends

______ like jobs becoming more complex and requiring higher education have led to the new stage Emerging adult.

cultural

Not everyone has the same age grade. people of certain ages are subjected to different norms. This is the _____ influence on who will experience emerging adulthood.

Socioeconomic status

Some do not have the money to go to college and find themselves. This is the ______ influence on who will experience emerging adulthood.

Gender

Women may not feel like everything is possible due to inequality. This is the _____ influence on who will experience emerging adulthood.

Education

Only 8% of the world go to college. Because of this, they jump into adulthood. This is the _____ influence on who will experience emerging adulthood.

Characteristic

People who are W.E.I.R.D, people who are able to go to college, people with high SES have the _____ of people who will most likely experience emerging adulthood.

Arnett and Mitra

surveyed a large sampling of 18–60-year-olds on the five emerging adult theories. They found that both emerging adults agreed with the theories, but so did a large number of older adults. this is important because older age groups may not be as distinctive to emerging adults as previously thought.

Extreme positions

An _____ on the nature-nature issue is that if development is due to soley one or the other.

Ethnocentrism

evaluation of other cultures according to preconceptions or originating in the standards and customs of one's own culture.

W.E.I.R.D

____ are problematic because they are used to generailzed the entire popualtion when not every one is ____

Position

developmental scientist today take the ____ that both nature and nurture is involved.

Schizophrenia

the study on _____ was conducted to see if nature or nurture influence development. It showed that healthy homes= less chance and disturbed homes= Higher chance, showing that both nature and nurture are important

Life span Development

How we change and grow from conception to death is the science of _____

Key assumptions

the 7_____ of Baltes’s modern life span perspective are

__Lifelong process__

__Multidirectional__- development happens

developmental issues

Major ______ are

Continuity-Discontinuity- gradual or abrupt

Nature-Nurture- inborn or environmental

Universalist-context specific everyone or certain people.

Theoretical perspectives

Major_____ are

__Learning theories__- Watson, skinner, Pavlov.

Development → learned associations

__Cognitive development__- Piaget

Children construct more advanced modes of thinking.

__System theory__ Bronfenbrenner’s system,

1 microsystem - immediate environment 2. mesosystem- induvial observing people in their microsystem 3 exosystem- social environment and governmental forces. 4 macrosystem subculture and culture

Piaget, Erikson, Freud

\------ ------ and ------ Takes on the three major themes or issues in developmental psych

Discontinuity

universalist

Nature vs nurture

Bandura, skinner, Watson

\------ ------ and ----- Takes on the three major themes or issues in developmental psych

Continuity

Context

Nurture

Bronfenbrenner

\------ Takes on the three major themes or issues in developmental psych

nature AND nurture

continuity

context

Psychoanalytic theories

\-----------

strengths: calls attention to the unconscious processes and motivations

Weakness: not falsifiable, difficult to test

Learning theories

\----------

strengths: can be observed.

weakness: depends on individual (not general)

System theories

\--------

strengths: can be applied to everyone

Cognitive- development

\---------

strengths: Show how children develop and think

Mamie Clark

\------- was the second black person and first black women to graduate with a Ph. D at Columbia. experiment on white and black dolls

scientific method

a belief that investigations should allow facts, their systematic observations or data, to determine the merits of true thinking.

Good Hypothesis

“People who eat chocolate will score higher on a measure of happiness than people who do not eat chocolate” is an example of a -------

representative sample

subject populations that seek to accurately reflect the characteristics of a larger group

General research designs

Cross section designs- assessing people of different age groups or cohorts.

Longitude design- one cohort of individual is assessed repeatedly over time.

case study: in depth examination of an induvial

experimental method- manipulation

correlations- how they depend on one another

correlation coefficient

can range from -1.00 to +1.00 positive correlations move in the same direction, negative opposite.

four ethical procedures

consent, confidentiality, debriefed

correlation studies

\------ dont have IV

Random assignment

when you take the random sample and divide them up into random groups based on nothing 

Random sample

random people for a study