Geography - development :

What is development ?

The process of change and growth and the progress of a country improving quality of life for people.

Why is the north richer / more developed than the south ?

Climate - inconsistent growing seasons , primary based industry for economy , historical links - common wealth ( e.g. exception of Australia and New Zealand ) , colonialism / imperialism , trade relationships - trade blocks , diplomacy / unrest , corruption.

What is quality of life / human welfare ?

A persons well - being in terms of health and happiness.

What is the development gap ?

the widening difference in levels of development between the world's richest and poorest countries.

What is physical water scarcity ?

Where counties don't have enough water due to climatic and other physical reasons e.g, N mali in Sahara desert - most common in arid and semi - arid areas with low rainfall and river flow fluctuations e.g. N Africa.

What is economic water scarcity ?

Where a country has water , but no economic means to access it or make it safe to drink , as is the case I'm parts of Afghanistan.

GNI per capita ?

Gross national income - the total value of goods and services produced within a country including income received from , and , payments made to other countries ( a.k.a GDP - the same ).

GNP ?

Gross national product - the total value of goods and services produced by a nation in a year.

PPP ?

Purchasing power parity - compares what the same amount of money can buy in different countries - it takes into consideration the different costs of living.

GDP per capita - a measure of development ?

Economic measure of development - total value of goods and services produced by a country , expressed per capita ( divided by the population of the country ).

GDP per capita advantages ?

Fairly easy to calculate from official government figures.

GDP per capita disadvantages ?

Doesn't take into account subsistence or informal economies which are very important in less developed countries.

Human development index ( HDI ) ?

Measure of economic development and economic welfare , examines life expectancy , education , and , income levels , and , uses and his to create an overall score between 0 and 1.

HDI - life expectancy ?

Average life expectancy compared to a global, expected life expectancy.

HDI - education index ?

Mean years of schooling , expected years of schooling.

HDI - income levels ?

Income index ( GNI at PPP ).

Limitations of the HDI ?

Reflects long - term changes ( e.g. life expectancy ) and may not respond to recent short - term changes , Wide divergence within countries e.g. chine and Kenya have widely different HDI scores depending on the region in question , economic welfare depends on several other factors e.g. threat of war , pollution levels access to clean drinking water etc.

What is a development pathway ?

Factors including opportunities and challenges that have enabled a society to develop and mature economically , socially , and , politically , etc.

1 ( least ) ( 1000 years ago ) ?

Agrarian society ( farming ) - small scale trade , market towns , small trade Rts.

2 ( least to most ) ?

Begin establishing trade / diplomacy with neighbours e.g. marriage , sharing resources and ideas and technology.

3 ( least to most ) ?

British empire - colonialism and imperialism - exploit / gain resources.

4 ( least to most ) ?

Industrial revolution - manufacturing , urbanisation , population growth explosion.

5 ( least to most ) ?

Commonwealth countries - Independence , diplomacy with UK , resources , influence ( power ).

6 ( least to most ) ?

Globalisation , tertiary / quar employment , trade routes / blocs , outsources to emerging countries , stable government - democracy , elections , Global shift.

Outcomes of poverty trap ?

War , famine drought , natural disasters , diseases , corruption - less rights , historical factors , geographical - landlocked.

Economic factors influencing the rate and level of development ?

Poor government can ruin the development of a place and money that could be spent on development may be used to find military weapons or an affluent lifestyle of an elite group of people , The poverty trap - Low investment areas can have dire consequences for population and let investment in things can exacerbate poverty and keep countries in low development , debt - many LICs are in debt to HICs.p and interest rates can go up.

Historical / political factors influencing the rate and level of development ?

War - can consume vital resources and divert attention away from the crucial issues for normal people , colonialism - can limit levels of development - A colony often helps supply food and minerals to countries like Britain and France and is linked with the exploitation of people and resources throughout history e.g. the slave trade , World trade - Poor countries have also been at the mercy of a global trade system design in controlled by the worlds richest countries I know of and heavily taxed by them.

Physical factors influencing the rate and level of development ?

Climate - can be positive e.g. for crop growth and tourism promotion , water supply - unreliable water supplies limit agriculture and other development areas and people searching for water can't focus on other areas of the economy , natural resources - countries with few of the start of a very low economic base and find it hard to create products that can sell on world markets.

What is the poverty cycle / trap ?

LIC - low savings amounts and low capital - poor investment in infrastructure - low investment from outside of the country - low economic growth - LIC - low education and healthcare levels - low human capital levels - low productivity in the workforce - less attractive to investors - LIC.

What is the development gap ?

The difference between countries with the lowest development indicators and those with the highest.

What is the core ?

The most economically and politically dominant area in a country or in a region.

What is the periphery ?

The more isolated , less economically developed , and , less politically influential area , in a country or in a region.

What is the first stage of development ( 1960 - WW Rostow ) ?

Traditional society - subsistence , baiter , agriculture.

What is the second stage of development ( 1960 - WW Rostow ) ?

Transitional stage - specialisation , surpluses , infrastructure.

What is the third stage of development ( 1960 - WW Rostow ) ?

Take - off - industrialisation , growing investment , regional growth , political change.

What is the fourth stage of development ( 1960 - WW Rostow ) ?

Drive to maturity - diversification , innovation , less reliance on imports , investment.

What is the fifth stage of development ( 1960 - WW Rostow ) ?

High mass consumption - consumer orientated , durable goods flourish , Service sector becomes dominant.

What is Franks dependency theory ?

Poorer countries - periphery , richer countries - core , relationship between developed and developing countries is one of dependency - prevent developing countries from making economic progress , poorer countries - lower levels of development due to the control of the global economy by the richer countries.

According to Franks development theory , what has uneven development been encouraged by ?

Unfair trade , bilateral aid , too deep in debt as they take out large loans and cannot repay due to interest.

In what year did the population become 1 billion ?

1800 , and grew after this because of the industrial revolution.

What does DTM stand for ?

Demographic Transition Model.

What is the DTM and what does it describe ?

It shows the relationship between BR ' S and DR ' S , and , The total population change over time - describes what has happened to them in HIC ' S since 1800 , and , is based on the UK.

How many stages does the DTM have ?

5 - each one linked to a country's level of development.

What are some factors that influence affecting population growth ?

Economic development , religious , social , political , and , environmental.

Stage 1 of the DTM ?

High DR AND BR - disease , famine , bad health care - children die , stable / slow natural increase , Many children needed for farming and die at an early age , religious / social encouragement , and , no family planning - high BR , e.g. a few remote groups.

Stage 2 of the DTM ?

BR remains high - Many children needed for farming and die at an early age , religious / social encouragement , and , no family planning , DR - falls rapidly - improvements in medical care , water supply , and , sanitation - less children die , natural increase - very rapid increase , e.g. , Egypt , Kenya , India.

Stage 3 of the DTM ?

BR - falls - better medical care and diet , fewer children needed , DR - continues to fall - improvements in medical care , water supply , and , sanitation - less children die , natural increase - increase slows down - introduction to family planning , e.g. , Brazil.

Stage 4 of the DTM ?

Low BR , and , DR - family planning , good health , improving status of women , later marriages , and , Good health care , reliable food supply , e.g. USA , Japan , France , UK , most MEDC ' s at this stage , steady population.

Stage 5 of the DTM ?

Very low BR - family planning , good health , improving status of women , later marriages , low DR - lifestyle diseases such as cardiovascular disease , cancer , and , diabetes , impact more of society - DR rises slightly above BR - as ageing population reaches end of lives , natural increase - slow decrease , e.g. , Germany.

How does each stage of the DTM link to each stage of Rostows stages of economic development model ?

1 - traditional , subsistence society - resists modernisation , and , technology , 2 of DTM , and , rostows 2 , and , 3 - governments let countries diversify - industrial revolution , urbanisation , industrialisation , technology increases , mass production increases , 3 ( r ' s 4 ) - technologies diffuse , industrialisation , and , International trade expands , modernisation , slow population growth , 5 - HIC ' s , Widespread production of many goods , and , services , Most workers into the service sector of the economy.

Population pyramid for stage 1 of the DTM ?

Population pyramid for stage 2 of the DTM ?

2 triangles.

Population pyramid for stage 3 of the DTM ?

Square base , then , goes in.

Population pyramid for stage 4 of the DTM ?

Square until almost top , then , goes in.

Population pyramid for stage 5 of the DTM ?

2 square triangles but like this

Limitations of the DTM ?

It was developed of the studying the experience of countries like Japan , W Europe , N America - So wealth conditions , and , resources may be different for LEDC ' s , Doesn't account for recent phenomena , e.g. , AIDS , and , The resulting mortality decline.

What is the corruption perception index ( CPI ) ?

Divide to help investors work out where their money would be safest and and uses a scale from 10 ( honest ) to 0 ( very corrupt ) , in corrupt countries , money is used to bribe officials.

What are the indices of political corruption ?

HDI , life expectancy , infant mortality rate , people on less than $ 2 / day , rate of inflation.

how do you calculate GDP per capita ?

Gross domestic profit divided by the population size.

Corruption perception index ( CPI ) limitations ?

Doesn't take into account any social factors , Quality of life isn't measured , it isn't specific as it's only the average so doesn't take into account wealth inequalities within a country.

What is the dependency ratio ?

Allows the government to judge how many people of working age they have relatives how many people are said to be dependent.

What is a dependent person ?

Someone who cannot fend for themselves , or , who relies upon others to maintain their well - being , dependent groups include some disabled people , The very young , and , The very old , countries with a dependency ratio close to one have a very high dependency - they have one person of working age for every dependant person ( 0.5 - 2 - better ).

High dependency causes ?

High number of children , High number of elderly ( ageing population ).

What do the different types of shapes in a population pyramid indicate ?

Wide base - high fertility , high Infant mortality rates , The higher the pyramid , The longer people live , bulges - immigration / Baby boom years before , indents - higher DR ' s than normal ( war , famine , disease , emigration ) , straight - sided base - Decline in fertility but still many young adults in child bearing years , narrow base - Low fertility rate , triangle - High infant mortality rates , and , DR ' s , square - Working age population with a longer life expectancy , upside - down triangle - Population is highest for older people - DR \> BR - natural population decrease.

What is bilateral aid ?

The first aid that was made available to countries after WW2 - from USA to Europe to help rebuild its cities after bombing - aid given from one government to another government , usually , with , attached agreements , e.g. , recipient country has to give building projects to the donor country e.g. India loaned to bhutan to help build HEP schemes.

What are intergovernmental agreements ?

Agreements between HIC ' s collaborating to provide aid for LIC ' s e.g. the EU ( education funds to education department - not to government ) , the South - South co - operation - 30 donor countries - help develop countries e.g. china , Brazil , and , India.

What is debt relief ?

Reduces the development gap - forgives debt ( partly / totally ) - country can make more investments in development projects.

What is an example of debt relief ?

2005 - Zambia - had $ 4 million of debt cancelled , 2006 - had enough money to start a feee healthcare scheme for millions of people in rural Earle's - better quality of life , 2006 - IMF cancelled debt of worlds poorest countries.

What are debt - for - nature - swaps ?

Agreements where 1 country reduces debt amount owed by another country , in return for the owing country putting in efforts into environmental conservation.

What is an example of a debt - for - nature - swap ?

N American conservation group took over $ 500 , 000 of bolivias debt , if , it agreed to set aside parts of the rainforest , as , a nature reserve.

What is international aid ?

Aid given from one government to another.

How does international aid reduce the development gap ?

Helps develop the country e.g. schools / hospitals - can generate long - term improvements in skills , literacy , and , life expectancy - improves quality of life , better workforce , people pay taxes for longer ( longer LE ) , rely less on government for welfare , money spent on water quality - improved health and reduces diseases - less infant mortality.

Who benefits from international aid ?

Citizens , and , country overall , stability for recipient government ( population is less likely to be unrest ) , donor government - give aid based on preferential conditions.

What are the problems with international aid ?

Reliant countries , donor countries could impose conditions that benefit them more than the recipient country , loan aids may be hard to pay back- could lead to further debt - prevents development , corrupt governments may not spend the aid money wisely.

What are the problems with intergovernmental agreement ?

Countries may become reliant , may not help In the long - term , corrupt governments.

Core periphery model and debt relief ?

Economic development 1st around core - drains people from rest of country - periphery is created - core becomes too big - sub - cores of growth in periphery - periphery us revived - development gap is closed , poverty is reduced , frees up resources for social spending.

What are the problems with debt relief ?

Often involves strict conditions - prevents development e.g. to receive debt relief , have to sell natural resources to other countries.

What are the benefits of conservation swaps ?

Has global effects ( by protecting the environment ) , more money to go towards development.

Problems with conservation swaps ?

No additional resources to debt or country ( also for climate purposes ) - not significant enough to create bigger economic effects ( often ).

What is top - down development ?

Large - scale ways to improve the city funded , and , controlled by the central government , e.g. , major road building , deals with major problems , but , are very expensive , and , don't consider local peoples opinions.

What are some examples of top - down development ?

Mumbai mono - rail , Mumbai Vision Mumbai , HS2.

Mumbai mono - rail advantages ?

Reduces traffic amount on roads - safer , constructed over built - up areas without having to clear any roads / land , quick ( 40 mph ) - easily moves around the landscape , Government created a public - private partnership , by , 2008 , with , foreign engineering companies - provided their expertise , tickets are cheap ( 11 rupees / person - 10 p ).

Mumbai mono - rail disadvantages ?

Construction - began in 2008 , deadline - 2011 - only opened in 2014 , cost of 1st section - £ 310 m ( 9 km length ) , n.o. Of passengers - lower than expected - only 15 , 000 / day , mainly used by tourists , due , to its location away from the main city.

Mumbai mono - rail conclusion ?

Attention - grabbing prestige project , designed , to , impress other countries , by , showing how developed , and , futuristic Mumbai is - this is , far , from the truth.

What is Mumbai Vision Mumbai ?

In 2003 , The report suggested investing $ 40 b , to , improve Mumbai - partnership with government , property companies , and , investors - top - down development - complete by 2050 , tries to solve Mumbais quality of life , slums - multiplied , traffic congestion , pollution , water quality - worse than in 2000.

Mumbai Vision Mumbai advantages ?

By 2007 , 200 , 000 people were moved , 45 , 000 homes - demolished in dharavi - new flats , replaced , slums , piped water , and , sewage systems - established for new flats , by 2015 - 72 new trains introduced on Mumbai ' s railways , platforms - raised ( gaps ) , 2015 - New measures introduced , to , improve air quality.

Mumbai Vision Mumbai disadvantages ?

Many prefer slum improvement to demolition , new 14 - storey apartment blocks - split communities , rent - costs more than in the slums , residence believe it's only benefits the rich , and , powerful , small workshops - have to move out , or , go out of business - affects Mumbai ' s recycling industry.

What is HS2 ?

Permission granted by Boris Johnson ( February 2020 ) - major transport project , to , improve rail journeys in UK , 2 stages - 1 - between London , and , Birmingham ( 2026 ) , 2 - adds a v - shaped section - separate lines from Birmingham , to , Manchester , and , Leeds , objective of scheme - to reduce journey time between cities in N England , and , to London - businesses function better - with less travel time.

HS2 advantages ?

22 , 000 construction jobs created , increased rail capacity from London to Birmingham , by , 143 % , Rail link - acts as a way of growing industries in the N - Government expects that 70 % of jobs created to be outside of London - reduces N / S divide , £ 100 b - spread over 10 years - covid - 19 furlough scheme - £ 10 b in 3 months , catalyst to economic regeneration , and , expansion of rail capacity.

HS2 disadvantages ?

Infrastructure supporting new line - build on 250 acres of greenfield sites , costs over £ 100 b - could be spent on other services , e.g. NHS , over 600 homes - bulldozed , 340 homes - cut - off from wider neighbourhood , 250 mph trains - use 50 % more energy than the Eurostar trains , Will damage 5 internationally protected wildlife sites , and , 108 ancient woodlands.

What is bottom - up development ?

Small - scale ways to improve city , by , communities , or , charities , small problems , improves their lives themselves , some LIC ' s said that their remote rural peripheries , would , benefit from grass - root based smaller schemes - censored on people , to help themselves , involves locals , NGO ' s provide financial , and , technical expertise.

What are some examples of bottom - up development ?

Mumbai SPARC community toilets , Mumbai Hamada foundation , lobios farmshoo , Cornwall.

What is Mumbai SPARC community toilets ?

Toilet blocks provided by the city government , individuals charged , expensive for families , badly designed - no running water , Government employees - failed to clean them , SPARC - Indian NGO , works with communities in Mumbai , builds toilet blocks - connected to sewers , and , water supplies , locals help with constructions , with permit - can use as many times as you want in the month , Electric lights - safer to use at night , separate children ' s toilets , past 5 years - SPARC - provided 800 community toilet blocks - 8 toilets each.

Mumbai SPARC community toilets advantages ?

Responded direct me to community needs , involved community and providing solutions , 800 blocks in slums built , constructed by local families - cheap to build , electricity , connected to sewage.

Mumbai SPARC community toilets disadvantages ?

Takes time to gain permits , 6 , 400 toilets is not enough ( 12 m in Mumbai ) , 25 rupees / month - poorest can't access , should be government ' s responsibility - not NGO.

What is Mumbai Hamada foundation ?

Mumbai - 200 , 000 Street children dropped out of school , police - Forced them to move on ( drugs , stealing ) , Hamada foundation - provides social work services - improves health , education , and , Job skills , provided 16 - 18 years olds , with , computing , and , Motor mechanics training ( jobs ).

Mumbai Hamada foundation advantages ?

2013 - 2014 - 327 supported , last 25 years , with CHILDLINE ' s help - over 1000 rescued from harmful work conditions / domestic violence , nearly 2000 attended skills , and , vocational training , 16 - 18 year olds - vocational training , in , computing , mechanics , and , hospitality.

Mumbai Hamada foundation disadvantages ?

Small n.o. of children being helped.

What is Lobbs farmshop , Cornwall ?

Rural diversification - development of methods of income generation , and , traditional rural income sources , e.g. , farming - this is done by finding other ways for money for their farms , whilst , continuing to the farm , or , they transform their farms into businesses , e.g. , Farmshops , or , riding stables. P

Lobbs farmshop , Cornwall advantages ?

Increases farmers ' s incomes , farmer ' s can't compete with cheap food imports - can now find other ways to make money , less reliance on government subsidies , people will continue to live , and , work , in rural areas.