Osteology, Arthrology and Myology of the Lower Limb

Name and Classification.

Sacroiliac joint. Synovial plane (diarthrosis).

Knee Joint Classification.

Synovial diarthrosis, modified hinge joint. Mostly uniaxial.

Joint name and classification

Ankle (Talocrural) joint. Synovial, diarthrosis, hinge (uniaxial)

Intertarsal joint classification.

Synovial (plane), diarthrosis (multiaxial).

Tarsometatarsal joint classification.

Synovial (plane), diarthrosis (multiaxial)

Metatarsophalangeal joint classification

Synovial (condyloid), diarthrosis (biaxial)

Interphalangeal joint classification

Synovial (hinge), diarthrosis (uniaxial)

1

Acetabular fossa

Red

Ilium

Yellow

Pubis

Green

Ischium

1

Acetabulum

2

Obturator foramen

3

Ischial tuberosity

4

Ischial spine

1

Intertrochanteric line

2

Greater trochanter

3

Head

4

Fovea

5

Neck

6

Intertrochanteric crest

8

Trochanteric fossa

9

Lesser trochanter

10

Gluteal tuberosity

11

Pectineal line

12

Shaft

13

Linea aspera

14

Medial epicondyle

15

Lateral condyle

16

Medial condyle

17

Lateral epicondyle

18

Adductor tubercle

19

Intercondylar fossa

20

Popliteal surface

21

Patellar surface

Blue

Intercondylar eminence

Green

Tibial tuberosity

Purple

medial malleolus

Yellow

Superior articular surface (including medial and lateral condyles)

Red

Soleal line

1

Interosseous border

2

Fibular notch

Purple

Calcaneus

Yellow

Talus

Blue

Navicular

Green

Cuboid

Red

Cuneiforms

Calcaneal tuberosity

Sustentaculum tali

Trochlea of Talus

Smooth upper joint surface of the talus (links with lower part of tibia)

Head of talus

Rounded anterior part of the talus bone that articulates with the navicular bone.

Navicular tuberosity

Tuberosity on the medial surface of the navicular bone. ONLY THING ON NAVICULAR BONE.

Patella tendon

1

Anterior cruciate ligament

2

Medial meniscus

3

Lateral meniscus

4

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament

5

Posterior cruciate ligament

6

Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

1

Ligament of the femur head (ligamentum teres)

2

Acetabular labrum

Ligaments of the hip

Ischiofemoral, Iliofemoral, Pubofemoral. Look for what part of the hip bone the ligament is coming from to identify.

1

Calcaneofibular ligament

2

Anterior talofibular ligament

3

Posterior talofibular ligament

1

Deltoid ligament

1

Short plantar ligament

2

Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament

3

Long plantar ligament

Superior tibiofibular joint classification

Synovial (plane), diarthrosis (nonaxial)

Inferior tibiofibular joint classification

Fibrous (syndesmosis), amphiarthrosis

Middle tibiofibular joint

Fibrous (syndesmoses), amphiarthrosis

Tibiofemoral joint

Synovial (modified hinge), diarthrosis (mostly uniaxial, with slight biaxial movement)

Patellofemoral joint

Synovial (plane), diarthrosis (nonaxial)

Muscles of the Anterior Hip Group

Iliacus, Psoas major, Psoas minor

1

Iliacus.

Origin: Iliac fossa

Insertion: Distal to lesser trochanter

Function: Hip flexor

2

Psoas Major

Origin: Anterior surfaces/bodes and transverse processes of T12-L5.

Insertion: Lesser trochanter

Function: Hip flexor. Can affect posture.

3

Psoas minor

Origin: Anterior surfaces and sides of vertebral bodies T12-L1

Insertion: Pectineal line - pelvic bone.

Function: DOESNT AFFECT HIP. More to do with posture

What are the superficial gluteal muscles?

Gluteus maximus, medius and minimus and tensor fascia latae.

What are the deep gluteal muscles?

Piriformis, Gemelli superior/inferior, Obturator internus/externus, quadratus femoris

1

Gluteus Maximus

Origin: Dorsal ilium, sacrum and coccyx.

Insertion: Gluteal tuberosity of femur and iliotibial tract

Action: Extension of the hip and slight lateral rotation.

2

Gluteus Minimus

Origin: Between anterior and inferior gluteal lines on the lateral ilium.

Insertion: Anterior border of greater trochanter of femur.

Action: Abduction of femur and slight medial rotation of femur.

1

Gluteus Medius

Origin: Anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral ilium

Insertion: Lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur

What are the general actions of the anterior hip group?

Flex the hip joint (and lumbar vertebral column)

What are the general actions of the gluteal region muscles?

Mostly extend, abduct and laterally rotate the femur.

What is the general action of the anterior thigh group?

Mostly flex the hip joint and/or extend the knee joint.

General action of posterior thigh?

Mostly extend hip and/or flex knee

General action medial thigh group?

Mostly adduction of femur

1

Tensor Fasciae Latae

Origin: Anterior ilium - anterior iliac crest and lateral surface of ASIS

Insertion: Iliotibial tract

Action: Tenses fasciae latae.

2

Iliotibial tract

1

Piriformis

Origin: Anterolateral sacrum

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Lateral rotation of hip joint

2

Gemelli Superior

Origin: Superior ischial spine (SIS)

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: lateral rotation of the hip

3

Obturator internus

Origin: Obturator membrane (inner side)

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Lateral rotation of the hip

4

Gemelli Inferior

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Greater trochanter

Action: Lateral rotation of the hip joint

5

Obturator Externus

Origin: Obturator membrane (outer side)

Insertion: Trochanteric fossa

Action: Lateral rotation of the hip joint

NOT ALWAYS VISIBLE

6

Quadratus femoris

Origin: Ischial tuberosity

Insertion: Intertrochanteric crest

Action: Lateral rotation of the hip

What are the anterior thigh muscles?

Quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius) and sartorius

Sartorius

Origin: ASIS

Insertion: Medial surface of proximal tibia (after winning behind the medial aspect of the lower thigh).

Action: Flexion of hip and knee, lateral rotation

1

Rectus Femoris (quasi-fusiform, bipennate)

Origin: Anterior ilium - AIIS and superior margin of the acetabulum. (ONLY MUSCLE TO CROSS HIP)

Insertion: Patella and tibial tuberosity

Action: Extension of knee and flexion of hip.

2

Vastus medialis

Origin: Linea aspera, medial supracondylar ridge, intertrochanteric line.

Insertion: Patella and tibial tuberosity.

Action: Extend the knee joint (and stabilise patella)