MYCVIR RETROVIRUSES (copy)

HIV-1

HIV-2

SIV-1

Lentiviruses (3)

Lentiviruses

Spumaviruses

Oncoviruses

3 groups of retroviruses

HIV-1

Lentivirus that infects humans

HIV-2

Lentivirus that infects humans and primates

Simian immunodeficiency virus-1 (SIV-1)

Lentivirus that infects monkeys

Spumavirus

primates and other animals

Oncoviruses

Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus I

Human T-cell Lymphotropic virus II

Lentus

Latin for “slow” (lengthy/insidious)

Spherical with a tree-like layered structure

Appearance of HIV-1

pol

env

gag

3 genes HIV-1 shares with other Retroviruses

Possession of control genes and repressor gene

Unique feature of HIV-1

Control genes

rev, tat, vif

What genes?

Repressor gene

nef

What gene?

gp120

gp41

env

p24

gag (3 polypeptides)

CD4 receptor (T-helper cells)

HIV-1 REPLICATION

• Binds specifically to what receptor?

Fusion

HIV-1 REPLICATION

• HIV-1 penetrates cell by?

Budding

HIV-1 REPLICATION

• HIV-1 is released by?

1981

Year AIDS first came to notice

1950

HIV occured as early as what year?

1. Asymptomatic

2. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex (AIDS-related complex)

3. Full-blown AIDS

3 stages of HIV-1 which leads to AIDS

10-11 years

How many years does it take for asymptomatic stage to become full-blown AIDS?

p24

gp41

gp120

gp160

4 diagnostically important HIV antigens

Blood transfusion

Sexual intercourse

IV drugs

Perianal infection

4 MOT for HIV-1

Promiscuous homosexuals and bisexual men

Prostitutes

Intravenous drug users

Blood recipients

Hemophiliacs

Sexual contacts of these groups

Newborn children born to infected Mothers

Major risk groups of HIV-1

CD4

Monocytes

Macrophages

Regional lymph nodes

Cells of macrophage derivation in the brain

Target cells of HIV-1

Steady decline of CD4 positive T-cells

Immunologic marker for HIV-1

Candidiasis of the respiratory tree

Cryptococcal meningitis

Cryptosporidiosis with persistent diarrhea

Cytomegalovirus infection of organs other than liver, spleen, and lymph nodes

Persistent herpes simplex virus infection

Kaposi’s sarcoma or lymphoma of the brain under 60 years old

Lymphoid interstitial pneumonia and/or pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia in children under 13 years

Mycobacterium avium, M.kansii or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Toxoplasmosis of the brain in patients over 1 month

Presence of any 2 of the following confers HIV-1 infection

ELISA

Most common assay for HIV-1

Immunofluorescence

Western Blotting

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

3 confirmatory tests for HIV-1

Antibody to gag protein

What antibody is detected in ELISA?

Virus Antigen Capture Tests

detect free viral p24 in blood

Lymphocyte cell lines

Isolation for HIV-1

Reverse transcriptase-PCR

– quantitate viral load

– monitor disease progression and response to therapy

– diagnose pediatric HIV-1 infection born to infected HIV-1 positive mothers (false (+) EIA and Western Blotting)

HIV-2

4th human retrovirus isolated from mildly immunosuppressed patients in West Africa

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus I (HTLV-I)

1st human retrovirus (Dr. Robert Gallo- US)

Adult T-cell Leukemia Lymphoma (ATLL)

presents as lymphoma of the skin, lymph nodes or both in adults

HAM-TSP

Long motor neurons of spinal cord

Tax protein

P53 tumor suppressor protein

Cell associated

MOT for HTLV-1

Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus II (HTLV-II)

Isolated in Seattle, USA in patient with “hairy cell” leukemia

< 200 cells

Amount of CD4+ considered to be HIV

Protoonco genes

Genes responsible for proliferation genes

HTLV I and II activate these genes that’s why they’re oncogenic