EXSS 181 Exam 1

What two things must be true for something to be coping?

1. There must be stress
2. The action must be an intentional response to that stress

Define stress

a relationship between the person and the environment that is appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person and endangers his/her well-being 

Stress is a product of the _______ and ________ relationship between the person and the environment.

dynamic, transactional

What do we know about stress because it is dynamic and transactional?

It can change

We can intervene

Intervention can occur in the person or the environment

In a general psychological sense, motivation can be defined as:

the direction and intensity of one's effort.

In terms of motivational approaches, the "trait-centered view" focused on ___________ whereas the "situation-centered view" takes primary focus on __________. The most widely accepted approach, though, is the __________ view, which incorporates the previous two approaches

individual characteristics, the environment/situation, interactional

Attribution theory focuses on:

how individuals explain their success and failure

According to Achievement Goal Theory, individuals can adopt certain outcome goal orientations. The orientation towards skill development or improvement is labeled as ______.

task/mastery

For an athlete unlikely to socially compare well (i.e., lose) in an upcoming competition, which would be the WORST combination of goal orientations for their future motivation and self-perceptions following the contest?

low task/mastery / high ego/outcome

Your textbook refers to arousal as the:

intensity dimensions of motivation at a particular moment

A low trait-anxious athlete (compared to a high trait-anxious athlete) would perceive competition as:

less threatening and less anxiety producing

________ concerns the degree to which one worries or has negative thoughts.

cognitive state anxiety

Hanin's individualized zones of optimal functioning (IZOF) model suggests that:

each individual has a specific optimal bandwidth of arousal where performance is optimized

You are a consultant for a Little League softball team in your hometown. One of the players comes to you and asks if you can help her with some anxiety she is feeling during games. Appropriate guidelines for applying your arousal and anxiety knowledge may include:

* Develop her confidence to lower her arousal and anxiety
* Recognize how personal and situational factors interact to influence her arousal and performance
* Tailor coaching and instructional practices to her individual circumstances

What kind of feedback provides information about specific behaviors, levels of proficiency that should be achieved, and the current level of proficiency?

Instructional

In terms of the relationship between competition and intrinsic motivation, competitive success tends to _____ intrinsic motivation, whereas competitive failure tends to _____ intrinsic motivation.

increase, decrease

Johnny is a quarterback on his high school football team. His coach has been helping him to improve his passing form by rewarding small daily improvements as he approaches the correct behavior. This is best exemplified by:

shaping

In considering the research findings on scholarships by Amorose, Horn, and Miller (1994, 2000), what combination of coaching behaviors would most likely decrease a scholarship athlete’s intrinsic motivation?

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Coach emphasizes ______ aspect of scholarship, displays _____ behavior.

controlling, autocratic

You recently began coaching an elementary school basketball team, whose members are learning the game for the first time. You seek to promote your player’s enjoyment of their overall sport experience. What would NOT be an appropriate guideline to follow when giving positive reinforcement to your novice young players?

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A. Give them continuous and immediate reinforcement

B. Reward their successful approximations through shaping

C. Reward only the outcomes of players’ attempts

D. Provide specific feedback about players’ performances

C

The interactionist approach states that behavior is:

A function of the person and environment

The aspect of Hollander’s Model that is least likely to change across time is:

Internal psychological core

What are the 4 characteristics of attributions?

1. external
2. internal
3. controllable
4. uncontrollable

The three factors that contribute to goal involvement (state) are:

concept of ability, goal orientation, and motivational climate

To promote a mastery climate, a coach could utilize TARGET, which stands for:

Task

Authority

Recognition

Grouping

Evaluation

Timing

What are the types of orientations and climates?

1. ego
2. task
3. mastery
4. performance

What are the factors in achievement goal theory?

Perceived ability

motivational climate

goal orientation (trait)

What is the motivational climate of this class, where it is encouraged for students to try their best and learn the material without a focus on being the “best” or “worst”?

high task, low ego

Describe the self-determination continuum.

Describe cognitive evaluation theory

Describe self-determination theory

Describe attribution theory

True or false; perceptions of control, competence, and self-esteem influence motivation directly.

False

What are the three competence motivation stages for children?

Integrated stage, autonomous competence, and social comparison

What question does the primary appraisal stage ask?

What is at stake?

True or False: Problem-Focused Coping is when efforts are directed at changing the transaction while Emotion-Focused Coping is when efforts are directed at changing the emotional response without changing the transaction.

True

Stress is a product of the ______ and _______ relationship between the person and environment.

Dynamic/Transactional

Why does anxiety negatively affect performance?

Increased muscle tension and coordination difficulties

attention and concentration changes

True or False: Arousal is not necessarily associated with positive or negative events

True

True or false; demonstrations can only be of aid, and cannot do any harm

False

Which process fundamental to the success of social learning can use immediate practice as an effective strategy?

Retention

Describe positive vs. negative reinforcement

Positive reinforcement: increases the likelihood of behavior, adds something.

Negative reinforcement: increases the likelihood of behavior, takes something away

According to cognitive evaluation theory, would the informational aspect of rewards enhance intrinsic motivation or affect competence perceptions when a reward is viewed as more informational?

Both

Behavioral, physiological, and psychological approaches characterize which stage of the competition process model?

Response

True or false; Competition can co-occur with cooperation

True

Who is the key figure that is considered the "father" of modern sport psychology?

Coleman Griffith

The ______ role in sport psychology is charcaterized by helping individuals and teams to improve performance, manage demamds, and enhance well-being.

consulting

B = f(P,E)

Behavior is a function of both person and environmental factors

This approach to understanding personality is characterized by examining how person and situational factors interact to determine personaity traits and behavior.

interactionist

True or false: personality testing for the purpose of athlete selection is appropriate.

false.

* not sufficient evidence of the reliability and validity of athletic personality measures for their use
* people may respond is socially desirable ways
* elements important for athletic performance can be learned

Within Hollander's Model of Personality, the most basic and least likley part of a personality structure to change is the ________

internal psychological core

The primary focus of attribution theory is ______

how individuals explain their successes and failures

What is the least motivationally and psychologically adaptive combination of goal orientations?

high ego/outcome

low task/mastery

According to achievement goal theory, what is not a direct predictor of state goal involvement?

perceived competence

The Isoard- Gautheur et al. 2015 article was associated with our larger unit on motivation by:

linking achievement goal theory to athlete burnout

The most self-determined form of motivation, according to Self-determined theory is _____ and is characterized by being motivated to perform an activity for its own sake.

intrinsic motivation

Cognitive Evaluation Theory addressed how extrinsic rewards influence intrinsic motivation. What will most likely result in a decrease in intrinsic motivation?

If the reward is perceived as a means to control behavior

You decide that it is important to give the athetes you work with some input into how you set up your team's practice schedules. What psychological need would this behavior most likley satisfy for your athletes?

autonomy

According to the Competence Motivational Model, feedback and reinforcement influence an athlete's state competence motivation through their effects on ______ and _______.

perceived competence, affect/emotion

The athletes desire to "see who is best" has gotten out of hand. Based on your knowledge of Competence Motivation Theory, what stage of competence judgement are the majority of your athletes likley experiencing?

Social comparison

In general, Drive Theory proposes that the relationship between arousal and performance is linear. In addition, this theory predicts that....

performance of a novel task is best when arousal is low

The inverted U hypothesis predicts that:

arousal can be either too low or too high and top performance occurs at a moderate level/point of arousal.

An athlete's general level of anxiety that stays relativley stable over time is ____

trait anxiety

What describes a potential “choke” scenario?

catastrophe theory

A relationship between the person and the enviornment that is appraised as taxing or exceeding the reaources of the person and dangers his/her well-being is ______

stress

A secondary cognitive appraisal is best described by which question?

What can be done about it?

Efforts to "manage your feelings about the problem" are ____ coping; while efforts to "try to solve the problem" are _______ coping

Emotion-focused

problem focused

What describes the concept that Intervention can occur with either the person or the environment, resulting in many possible intervention options

transactional

Which was NOT one of the athlete groups identified in the McDonough et al. 2013 article

athletes who generally perceived stressors as an enjoyable experience

Which of the following is true of Martens' description of competitiveness?

Social evaluation is the key component of competetiveness

What learning approach tries to implement opportunities for athletes to play multiple positions and develop their skills?

Cooperative learning approach

The choice to avoid competition is best represented by which aspect of the Sport Competition Process Model?

response

The Nicolas et al. 2011 article found support for which of the following models?

perceived coaching behaviors - athlete coping behaviors - athlete goal attainment

Weiss et al. study the advanced student is a _____ model while the same class student is a _____ model.

mastery

coping

Which aspect of Social Cognitive Theory is best promoted by checking lead-up skills of participants, breaking difficukt skills into smaller actions, and providing plenty of oppertunity for practice?

motor reproduction

After Jacob's team wins an important fencing tournament, his coach decides to take away the next day's conditioning session to increase the likelihood of future winning. This is best exemplified by.....

negative reinforcement

what type of feedback is now seen as being very important to athlete outcomes?

positive contingent

You suggest team-building activities so athletes might feel more socially connected to each other and the coach. What psychological need are you having this coach target with this suggested intervention?

Relatedness

What is sport and exercise psychology?

The scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge

What are the 3 roles of sports psychologists?

* research
* teaching
* consulting

What are two Major types of questions in the field?

\- Psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance \n - Participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being

Who created the formula B=f(P,E)?

Lewin

Who conducted the first research lab?

Coleman Griffith

Who is Norman Triplett?

Key figure in history of social and sport & exercise psychology, studied social facilitation of bikers, and tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than alone

What is personality?

That pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations

What are the 6 periods of Sports Psychology?

* Early Years (1895-1920)


* Griffith Era (1921-1938)
* Preparation for the Future (1939-1965)
* Establishment of Academic Branch (1966-1977)
* Multidisciplinary Research (1978-2000)
* Contemporary (2000-Present)

What are the 3 Ways of Knowing?

* common sense
* practical experience
* science

What are the 5 approaches to personality?

* Psychodynamic Approach
* Trait Approach: Big Five
* Situational Approach: social learning
* Interactional Approach: B = f(P,E)
* Phenomenological Approach: person's understanding of their own environment

what is a trait approach?

consistent/generalizable

What are the 2 theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development?

situation approaches

interactional approaches

What is motivation?

The direction and intensity of effort

* Direction - approach/avoid or attraction
* Intensity - how much effort, persistence

What are attributions?

Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure

What are the 3 characteristics of Attribution?

* Stability
* Locus of Causality
* Locus of Control

What is Self-Bias?

Making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem and confidence

What is Learned Helplessness?

A psychological state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their control

What is achievement goal theory?

* People are motivated to demonstrate competence
* Motivation is influenced by the personal meaning one assigns to perceived success and failure

What is Task/Mastery Achievement?

* Possible for all participants to be successful
* Success more in participant's control

What is Ego Achievement?

* A limited number of people can be successful
* Success less in participant's control

What are the 2 conceptions of Ability?

* Undifferentiated concept of ability: an inability or a choice not to differentiate between ability and effort.


* Differentiated concept of ability: a person is able to, and chooses to, differentiate between ability and effort

What are the two types of Motivation Climate?

* Mastery climate: Emphasis on learning, effort, individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evoke task involvement
* Performance (competitive) climate: Emphasis on competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement