Multi-store Model of Memory + STM + LTM

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25 Terms

1
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Who propsed the Multi-store model

What process extends duration of the STM + tranfers it to LTM

2 types

What is the process of recalling info from the LTM

What happens

When is info transferred from SR to STM

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

Rehearsal

- Maintainance Rehearsal

- Elaborative Rehearsal

Retrieval

Transferred to STM

When we pay attention to it

<p>Atkinson &amp; Shiffrin (1968)</p><p>Rehearsal </p><p>- Maintainance Rehearsal</p><p>- Elaborative Rehearsal </p><p>Retrieval</p><p>Transferred to STM </p><p>When we pay attention to it</p>
2
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What are the 3 key features of memory

Coding

Storage

Retrieval

3
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3 types of coding

Visual

Acoustic

Semantic

4
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What are the 3 stores of memory

Sensory register

Short-term memory

Long-term memory

5
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What info is held in the sensory register

How much stores does it have

When does the info pass into the STM

Capacity

Duration

All stimuli from environment passes into or is held in it

5 stores, 1 for each sense

Information only passes into STM if paid attention to

Very high capacity

Info is held for a Split Second

6
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How is info coded in the sensory register

What are the 5 stores in the SR

Depending on the sense involved eg Iconic memory for visual information

Haptic memory - Touch

Echoic memory - Audio

Iconic memory - Visual

Olfactory memory - Smell

Gustatory memory - Taste

7
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Scientific criteria strength of MSM

- Meets scientific criteria

- Has been developed using the scientific process of theory construction

- Predictions of the model have been tested by gathering empirical evidence

- For example Baddeleys recall study which supported the idea of separate memory stores of STM and LTM

- Therefore having scientific credibility led to increased research in this area in the past, leading to our modern understanding of memory systems

8
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Contradictory research on the Multi-store model

What did they find

How does this contradict the MSMs idea that rehearsal is the only way to get info from the STM to LTM

Craik and Tulving (1975)

- 3 groups Participants were read out 60 words

- 1 group was made to process the words Visually by focusing on the appearance ,

- 1 group made to process the word Acoustically by focusing on the sound of the word

- 1 group made to process the word Semantically by focusing on the meaning

- Participants were then asked to free recall as much as they could remember

Found:

Group who processed the word Semantically had Best recall

Group who processed word Visually had Worst recall

Shows that attaching meaning to something helps move info from STM to LTM

Reduces Reliabilty of the MSM

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What is coding

How the memory is stored

10
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When does info from the SR to the STM

When payed attention to

11
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How is LTM memory coded

How is info in the LTM recalled

Capacity

Duration

Who researched this

Mainly semantically (based on meaning)

Retrieval

Info from LTM is accessed and transferred to the STM

Unlimited

Up to a life time

Bahrick (1974)

12
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How is info in the STM mainly coded

Who researched this

Mainly Acoustically

Baddeley (1966)

13
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How long is info stored in the STM

Capacity

How can the capacity be increased

How is it mainly coded

Around 18 seconds

Limited to 5+/-2 (Jacobs)

"Chunking" - grouping pieces of info

Mainly Acoustically

14
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Who conducted research into the duration of STM?

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

Read nonsense trigrams to participants and got them to recall after different amounts of time had passed

Found 5% were able to recall after 18 seconds

Suggests capaicty is 20 - 30 seconds

15
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What study found the capacity of the STM?

What was found

Jacobs (1887)

Administered a digit span test to participants

Participants always remembered between 5 and 9 for letters and numbers

16
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When does information for STM pass to the LTM

Two types of rehearsal

When it is rehearsed

Maintenance rehearsal - Repeating info

Elaborative rehearsal - Connecting new info to existing info

17
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How can the capacity of the STM be assessed

How does it assess capacity

Digit Span test

Jacobs (1887)

Amount of digits recalled by an individual is their digit span

18
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What research was conducted on Coding of the STM and LTM

Baddeley (1966)

Tested the recall of 4 groups of participants different lists of words

Found that similar sounding (acoustic) words get mixed up when using the STM

Similar meaning words get mixed up when using the LTM

Shows a distinction in how info is coded in each store

19
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Who established how memory in the STM is coded

Conrad (1964)

Asked participants to recall a sequence of letters

Found participants were more likely to similar sounding letters than similar looking letters

Suggests the STM is coded mainly Acoustically

20
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Who made suggestions on how the capacity of the STM can be increased

What did he find

Miller (1956)

Reveiwed research into the STM

Noticed people recall 5 words as easy as 5 letters

Meaning the STM can store 5+/-2 chunks of info, increasing its capacity

21
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Research on the duration of the LTM

Bahrick (1975)

Obtained yearbook of 392 Americans aged 17-74

Tested participant recall by

1. Recall from photos of classmates

2. Free recall of names of classmates

- Found participants within 15 years of graduation were 90% accurate in photo recognition and 60% in free name recall

- Participants After 48 years of graduation were 70% accurate in photo recognition and 30% in name recall

Suggests LTM can last up to a lifetime

22
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What research was conducted on the STMs Duration

What did they suggest the duration was

Peterson & Peterson (1959)

STM duration is between 20 and 30 seconds

Read nonsense trigrams to particpants

Prevented rehearsal by making them count in 3s backwards

Got them to recall after different periods of time

Found that 5% of participants recalled accurately after 5 seconds.

Suggests duration is between 20 and 30 seconds

23
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Limitation of Conrad and Jacobs studies

- Task is artificial

- Tasks such as recalling a list of numbers has little relevance to everyday life.

- Real life tasks are more complex and include remembering many different types of information as well as dealing with all the extra stimuli from the environment that may be taken into the STM and distract us, taking up the limited space

- Therefore cannot be generalise these findings to real life short term memory tasks.

- This reduces the ecological validity of the research

24
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Strength of Jacobs research into STM

- Easy to replicate

- Because they use standardised procedures and controlled conditions and collect objective and empirical data

- They can also be used to directly test hypothesis an theories such as the Multi store model and so meet the criteria for psychology as a science

- This leads to scientific credibility of the research in this area, leading to more research funding in this area

- Therefore allowing our knowledge to progress

25
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Strength of Peterson and Petersons study

- Controlled lab experiment

- Allows extraneous variables to be minimised

- Allows for greater internal validity as the DV can be isolated and tested properly