chapter 11 quiz

Which of the following theories discusses prejudice as a hierarchical structure that more powerful groups in a society use to ensure their advantage within the society?

social dominance theory

The American legal system regularly sentences those who possess crack cocaine to longer sentences than those who possess similar amounts of powder cocaine. Crack cocaine is used more often in Black neighborhoods, while powder cocaine is used more often in White neighborhoods. This is an example of which of the following?

institutional discrimination

Victim blaming refers to when a victim of a crime, such as rape or partner abuse, is viewed as having some responsibility for the crime. Victim blaming is much more likely to occur in someone who has

high level of belief in a just world.

A meritocracy makes the argument that some people deserve more than others based on their hard work and achievements. However, a risk of believing in a strict meritocracy is that one may ignore other important influences. What influences do some who believe in a meritocracy fail to take into consideration?

opportunities that those with higher achievements may have had

During Hitler's reign in Germany, Nazis referred to Jews as rats, vermin, or swine. This is an example of

dehumanization.

Marissa believes the stereotype that men are less warm and nurturing than women, but are more competent and determined. Which of the following tasks is she likely to offer her friend David help with?

caring for a toddler

What does the idea of ambivalent stereotyping refer to?

that a group can be simultaneously believed to be high in one positive category but low in another

Research by Hetley and colleagues (2016) refers to the treatment of Black versus White citizens by police in Oakland, California. It shows that 60 percent of police stops are of Black Americans, while only 28 percent of Oakland's citizens are Black. (This statistic holds up after controlling for other possible variables.) This is an example of what type of discriminatory act?

commission

Researchers (Bertrand and Mullainathan, 2004) submitted stereotypically White and Black names for positions to assess whether hiring practices differed. This research showed that

White applicants were called for an interview more often.

People who have multiple nondominant identity characteristics are often feel a very significant discriminatory act of omission. What is it?

being ignored/overlooked

The Focus On (Box 11.1) highlights the plight of the Irish as they immigrated to the United States in the mid-1800s. What conclusion could you draw from the discussion of Irish Americans and their efforts to assimilate into American culture?

Immigrant groups in the United States are treated poorly, especially if they come to the country without the skills and language to assimilate.

It has been established in research that photographed people are viewed as more competent when their faces are the featured part of the photograph. It has been found that magazines and newspapers around the world and over 600 years, men's faces are featured more, and women's bodies are featured more. This finding illustrates

systemic inequities between the sexes, with men seen as more competent.

The Golden Globes are entertainment awards focusing on film and television. The award recipients are chosen by a group known as the Hollywood Foreign Press. The fact that all members of the Hollywood Foreign Press are White (as of 2022) is an example of what aspect of systemic inequity?

underrepresentation

Cultural invisibility is commonly experienced by Native Americans as well as what other minority group?

those with intersectional identities

The idea that members of marginalized groups consider whether others hold a popular stereotype about them, and that that can influence the marginalized group member's thoughts and behavior, is known as

stereotype threat.

Steele and colleagues (1997; 2002) conducted research in which they gave men and women a math test. In one condition, the participants were told there are no gender differences on the test they were about to take. In the other condition, they were told that men had performed better on this test than women. Which pattern of results was found, and is supportive of the idea of stereotype threat?

In the condition where men were said to perform better, women performed worse than men. In the condition where no sex difference was noted, women performed equally as well as men.

Larissa is a female who is experiencing stereotype threat. Which of the following could be a consequence of this?

All of these are true.

Some minority groups work to conceal their membership in that group. Consider, for example, a Latino woman whose appearance does not strongly hint to her group status. She may choose to engage in behaviors that subtly or directly deny her membership in the Latino/a community.

However, this concealment has an impact on individuals. Which of the following is an impact that concealment has on those who engage in it?

It is cognitively taxing, interfering with other activities that require the person to think extensively.

Research by Shelton and Richeson (2005) shows that White people and Black people both hold a belief that leads them to avoid interaction with the other race, or act in a more guarded manner during interactions. This unfortunately reinforces the original belief. What is the original belief?

Both Whites and Blacks tend to think the other group does not want to interact with them.

As racial demographics change in the United States, White Americans will represent less than the majority of Americans. Participants who are informed of this and then asked questions about race in the United States scored higher on a racial bias scale and

emphasized their preference to work with their own ethnic group.

Members of a majority group tend to

overestimate the differences between groups.

What term refers to the idea that different racial groups make different assessments of the amount of racism in society today because they differ in their knowledge of racial history?

the Marley hypothesis