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Philippe Pinel; Dorthea Dix
founded humane movements to care for the mentally ill.
Ancient treatments
Examples include: Trephination, Exorcism, being caged like animals, being beaten, burned, castrated, mutilated, being transfused with animal's blood.
lobotomy
A now-rare psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves that connect the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.
psychotherapy
treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.
biomedical therapy
prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.
eclectic approach
an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of therapy.
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapy
Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts which usually date back to early childhood experiences into consciousness.
Resistance
in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material; client does not want to confront issue at hand.
free association
patient lies on a couch and speaks about whatever comes to his or her mind. No censorship!
interpretation
the action of explaining the meaning of something
transference
(psychoanalysis) the process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another
insight therapies
a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.
client-centered therapy
a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, emphatic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)
active listening
empathetic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.
unconditional positive regard
a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.
behavior therapy
therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.
counterconditioning
a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning
exposure therapies
behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.
systematic desensitization
a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.
virtual reality exposure therapy
an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.
aversive conditioning
a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).
operant conditioning
procedures enable therapists to use behavior modification: desired; behaviors are rewarded; undesired behaviors are either unrewarded or punished
token economy
an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats.
cognitive therapy
therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
Aaron Beck
suggests that depressed patients: believe that they can never be happy (thinking); believes that cognitions such as "I can never be happy" need to change in order for depressed patients to recover and this change is brought about by gently questioning patients.
stress inoculation training
Train people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations. Example, "Relax, the exam may be hard, but it will be hard for everyone else too. I studied harder than most people. Besides, I don't need a perfect score to get a good grade."
rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)
a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions
cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)
action therapy in which the goal is to help clients overcome problems by learning to think and act more rationally and logically
group therapy
therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.
family therapy
therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)
Therapist attempts to unlock and reprocess previous frozen traumatic memories by waving a finger in front of the eyes of the client; has not held up under scientific testing.
Light Exposure Therapy
Seasonal Pattern of Depression has been effectively treated by this, light sparks activity in brain regions influencing arousal/hormones; this form of therapy has been scientifically validated.
resilience
the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma.
psychopharmacology
the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.
antipsychotic drugs
drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.
classical antipsychotics
Thorazine: remove a number of positive symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as agitation, delusions, and hallucinations.
atypical antipsychotics (neuropletics)
Clozapine: remove negative symptoms associated with schizophrenia such as apathy, jumbled thoughts, concentration difficulties, and difficulties in interacting with others.
Clozapine
Atypical Antipsychotic; blocks receptors for dopamine and serotonin; remove the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
Tardive Dyskinesia
are involuntary movements of the tongue, lips, face, trunk, and extremities that occur in patients treated with long-term use of antipsychotic medication.
antianxiety drugs
drugs used to control anxiety and agitation. Xanax, Ativan, Librium, Valium
antidepressant drugs
drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. (Several widely used antidepressant drugs are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors—SSRIs.) Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil
SSRIs
improve the mood by elevating levels of serotonin by inhibiting reuptake.
lithium carbonate
a common salt, has been used to stabilize manic episodes in bipolar disorders; it moderates the levels of norepinephrine and glutamate neurotransmitters.
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.
psychosurgery
surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.
ABC
Antecedent-Behavior-Consequence method of altering irrational thoughts used by Ellis
Albert Ellis
pioneer in Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET) and (REBT) focuses on altering client's patterns of irrational thinking to reduce maladaptive behavior and emotions
Beck Depression Inventory
psychometric assessment created by cognitive theorist Aaron Beck used to assess the severity of depression that has already been diagnosed.
Mary Cover Jones/Joseph Wolpe
helped develop exposure therapies including systematic desensitization using progressive relaxation to lower phobic fears
meta-analysis
a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies
evidence-based practice
clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences
theraputic alliance
a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and client, who work together constructively to overcome the client's problem
posttraumatic growth
positive psychological changes as a result of struggling with extremely challenging circumstances and life crises
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