The formation of youth culture / subcultures

1944 education act

reforming of uk and Wales, raising the school leaving age to 15

disposable income

money individuals have left to spend after paying direct taxes

immigration

the act of people moving to a new country to live there permanently

new consumer market

a new emerging demographic of people who buy products and services for consumption

subculture

a group within a larger society that shares distinct norms, values

outlaw capitalism

economies that operate alongside formal capitalism, using rule-breaking and providing opportunities for marginalized groups (drug dealing etc)

social construction of youth

means that

society, rather than just biology, defines what "youth" is, shaping its characteristics, experiences, and expectations through cultural norms, media, laws, and institutions

stages of transition

Roberts explaining 3 types of transition from childhood to adulthood, includes abrupt gradual and lengthly

abrupt transitions

transition is very short and sudden

gradual transitions

transition is quite slow takes place over a long period of time

lengthily transitions

transition take place over a longer period of time

utilitarian crime

offenses committed for material gain, like theft or fraud

non- uteliatrian crime

involves acts like vandalism, truancy, or fighting, committed for status, excitement, or resistance, not financial gain

legitimate opportunity structure

The patterned availability of socially approved means (e.g., schooling, employment) to attain culturally valued goals (e.g., wealth, status).

illegitimate opportunity structure

illegitimate opportunity structure refers to socially available pathways for achieving success (wealth, status) through illegal or deviant means, such as theft, drug dealing, or gang involvement - C+O working class are more likely for this path to fit into capitalist society

punks

individuals associated with the punk subculture that emerged in the mid-1970s originating from a desire to challenge mainstream norms and commercialism. 

hippies

members of a 1960s-70s countercultural movement that rejected mainstream societal norms, advocating for peace, love, freedom, and harmony with nature,

teddy boys

Britain's first significant youth subculture in the 1950s, known for their distinctive Edwardian-inspired fashion, representing a new working-class teenage identity with increased spending power

spectacular subcultures

highly visible, style-focused youth groups (like Punks, skinheads etc ) from the 1950s-80s, characterized by distinctive dress and behavior

criminal subculture

groups with shared deviant norms, often formed by individuals facing blocked opportunities, who find status and success through illegitimate means rather then mainstream paths

delinquent subcultures

a group where young people collectively commit low level crime like vandalism or joy riding, this becomes a way to gain status and respect, resolving the "status frustration" they feel from failing to meet middle-class standards

resistance to capitalism

a range of attitudes, behaviors, and social movements that oppose the core principles and negative effects of a capitalist economic system

anti school subcultures

student groups that reject mainstream school values, norms often characterized by disruptive behavior and disdain for academic success, seeking peer status through opposition to teachers and rules forming negative label or marginalization, especially in lower academic sets

gangs

subcultures offering identity, protection, and status, often in response to poverty, marginalization, and cultural clashes, providing an alternative to failing mainstream institutions

status frustration

the anger and disappointment felt by individuals, especially working-class youth, when they cannot achieve the middle-class status values

semi class counciousness

a state of being partially aware of one's social class and the inherent inequalities of the capitalist system