APUSH Period 3 Terms

Half-way convenant

Agreement allowing unconverted off- spring of church members to baptize their children. It signified a waning of religious zeal among second and third generation Puritans. (83)

first great awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s

Jonathan Edwards

New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening. He emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that sal- vation could be attained through God's grace alone.

George Whitefield

Iterant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening. His emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, "Old Light," ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice.

Old Lights

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality. (100)

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions.

Transatlantic Print

Culture that surrounded communication via the press in the new world. Significant because it encouraged communication between the old world and the new world.

French and Indian war (1754-1763)

Nine-year war between the British and the French in North America. It resulted in the expulsion of the French from the North American mainland and helped spark the Seven Years' War in Europ

Pontiacs Uprising Rebellion (1763)

Bloody campaign waged by Ottawa chief Pontiac to drive the British out of Ohio Country. It was brutally crushed by British troops, who resorted to distributing blankets infected with smallpox as a means to put down the rebellion.

Proclamation Act of 1763

Act passed by England prohibiting colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

Stamp act (1765)

This act required colonists to pay for an official stamp, or seal, when they bought paper items.

Boston massacre (1770)

Clash between unruly Bostonian protestors and locally-stationed British redcoats, who fired on the jeering crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens.

Boston tea party (1733)

Rowdy protest against the British East India Company's newly acquired monopoly on the tea trade. Colonists, disguised as Indians, dumped 342 chests of tea into Boston harbor, prompting harsh sanctions from the British Parliament.

Intolerable or coercive Acts (1774)

Series of punitive measures passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party, closing the Port of Boston, revoking a number of rights in the Massachusetts colonial charter, and expanding the Quartering Act to allow for the lodging of sol- diers in private homes. In response, colonists convened the First Continental Congress and called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Lexington and concord (1775)

First battles of the Revolutionary War, fought outside of Boston. The colonial militia successfully defended their stores of munitions, forcing the British to retreat to Boston

Common Sense (1776)

Thomas Paine's pamphlet urging the colo- nies to declare independence and establish a republican govern- ment. The widely-read pamphlet helped convince colonists to sup- port the Revolution.

Declaration of Independence (1776)

Formal pronounce- ment of independence drafted by Thomas Jefferson and approved by Congress. The declaration allowed Americans to appeal for for- eign aid and served as an inspiration for later revolutionary move- ments worldwide

Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Decisive colonial victory in upstate New York; considered to be the turning point of the American Revolution.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain

Treaty of Paris (1783)

This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River

William Pitt

The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

James Wolfe

the British general whose success in the Battle of Quebec won Canada for the British Empire. Even though the battle was only fifteen minutes, Wolfe was killed in the line of duty. This was a decisive battle in the French and Indian War.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Benjamin Franklin

helped secure French assistance during the Revolutionary War and later went on to sign the Treaty of Paris. He also helped draft both the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence during his time as a member of the Constitutional Convention and delegate at the Continental Congress.

Acadians

French residents of Nova Scotia, many of whom were uprooted by the British in 1755 and scattered as far south as Louisiana, where their descendants became known as "Cajuns."

Albany Congress

Intercolonial congress summoned by the British government to foster greater colonial unity and assure Iroquois support in the escalating war against the French.

War for Jenkins Ear

British vs. Spanish in the Caribbean Sea

Mercantilism

Economic theory that closely linked a nation's politi- cal and military power to its bullion reserves. Mercantilists gener- ally favored protectionism and colonial acquisition as means to increase exports

Sugar Act (1764)

Duty on imported sugar from the West Indies. It was the first tax levied on the colonists by the crown and was low- ered substantially in response to widespread protests.

Quarter Act 1st and 2nd (1765 & 1774)

Required colonies to provide food and quar- ters for British troops. Many colonists resented the act, which they perceived as an encroachment on their rights

Stamp act congress (1765)

Assembly of delegates from nine colo- nies who met in New York City to draft a petition for the repeal of the Stamp Act. Helped ease sectional suspicions and promote inter- colonial unity.

Patriots

colonists who supported the American Revolution; they were also known as "Whigs.

Loyalist

American colonists who opposed the Revolution and maintained their loyalty to the King; sometimes referred to as "Tories."

Sons of liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitat- ing against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agree- ments. (See also Daughters of Libert

Daughters of liberty

Patriotic groups that played a central role in agitating against the Stamp Act and enforcing non-importation agreements. (See also Sons of Liberty)

Admiralty Courts

Used to try offenders for violating the various Navigation Acts passed by the crown after the French and Indian War. Colonists argued that the courts encroached on their rights as Englishmen since they lacked juries and placed the burden of proof on the accused

non-importation agreements

A form of protest against British policies; colonial merchants refused to import British goods.

Declaratory Act (1766)

Passed alongside the repeal of the Stamp Act, it reaffirmed Parliament's unqualified sovereignty over the North American colonies.

Townshend Act (1767)

External, or indirect, levies on glass, white lead, paper, paint and tea, the proceeds of which were used to pay colonial governors, who had previously been paid directly by colo- nial assemblies. Sparked another round of protests in the colonies

Committees of Correspondence (1772)

Local committees established across Massachusetts, and later in each of the thirteen colonies, to maintain colonial opposition to British policies through the exchange of letters and pamphlets.

Quebec Act (1774)

Allowed the French residents of Québec to retain their traditional political and religious institutions, and extended the boundaries of the province southward to the Ohio River. Mistakenly perceived by the colonists to be part of Parliament's response to the Boston Tea Party.

The Association

Non-importation agreement crafted during the First Continental Congress calling for the complete boycott of British goods.

First Continental Congress (1774)

Convention of delegates from twelve of the thirteen colonies that convened in Philadelphia to craft a response to the Intolerable Acts. Delegates established Association, which called for a complete boycott of British goods.

Second Continental Congress (1775)

Representative body of delegates from all thirteen colonies. Drafted the Declaration of Independence and managed the colonial war effort

Olive Branch Petition (1775)

Conciliatory measure adopted by the Continental Congress, professing American loyalty and seeking an end to the hostilities. King George rejected the petition and pro- claimed the colonies in rebellion.

Franco American Alliance (1778)

Agreement by France to fund American military aids and loans to American colonies to the tune of $54 million dollars. The French were keen on seeing the British lose territory as they had in the French and Indian War.

Armed Neutrality 1780

Loose alliance of nonbelligerent naval powers, organized by Russia's Catherine the Great, to protect neu- tral trading rights during the war for American independence

Battle of Yorktown (1781)

Was a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by General Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War, as the surrender of Cornwallis's army prompted the British government to eventually negotiate an end to the conflict.

Valley Forge

Encampment where George Washington's poorly-equipped army spent a wretched, freezing winter. Hundreds of men died and more than a thousand deserted. The plight of the starving, shivering soldiers reflected the main weakness of the American army—a lack of stable supplies and munitions

John Hancock

Patriot leader and president of the Second Continental Congress; first person to sign the Declaration of Independence.

George Grenville

Became prime minister of Britain in 1763 he persuaded the Parliament to pass a law allowing smugglers to be sent to vice-admiralty courts which were run by British officers and had no jury. He did this to end smuggling.

Charles Townshend

British Prime Minister. Influenced Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.

Crispus Attucks

Runaway slave and leader of the Boston protests that resulted in the "Boston Massacre," in which Attucks was first to die.

George III

British monarch during the run-up to the American Revolution, George III contributed to the imperial crisis with his dogged insistence on asserting Britain's power over her colonial possessions.

Samuel Adams

American Revolutionary leader and patriot, Founder of the Sons of Liberty and one of the most vocal patriots for independence; signed the Declaration of Independence

Marquis de Lafayette

French nobleman who served as major general in the colonial army during the American Revolution and aided the newly-independent colonies in securing French support.

Baron von Steuben

German-born inspector general of the Continental army, who helped train the novice colonial mili- tia in the art of warfare.

Lord Dunmore

Royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army

Benedict Arnold

Revolutionary war general turned traitor, who valiantly held off a British invasion of upstate New York at Lake Champlain, but later switched sides, plotting to sell out the Continental stronghold at West Point to the redcoats. His scheme was discovered and the disgraced general fled to British lines.

Abigail Adams

Wife of John Adams. During the Revolutionary War, she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.

Richard Henry Lee

Virginia planter and revolution- ary, who served as a member of the Continental Congress. He first introduced the motion asserting America's independence from Britain, later supplanted by Thomas Jefferson's more formal and rhetorically moving declaration. Lee went on to become the first U.S. senator from Virginia under the new constitution.

Lord Cornwallis

Best remembered as one of the leading British Generals in The American Revolutionary War. His 1781 defeat by a combined American-French force at the Siege of Yorktown is generally considered to de-facto end of war, as a bulk of British troops surrendered to him.

Comte de Rochambeau

General in command of French forces during the American Revolution, he fought alongside George Washington at Yorktown.

Admiral de grasse

French admiral, whose fleet blocked British reinforcements, allowing Washington and Rochambeau to trap Cornwallis at Yorktown.

treaty of fort stanwix

Treaty signed by the United States and the pro-British Iroquois granting Ohio country to the Americans.

new lights

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive reli- gious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening. (100)