Bronze cross treatments

Aspiration (breathing)

Coughing Raspy breathing Pain in chest

Encourage coughing Advise seeking medical help if breathing difficulty occurs within 72 hours

Choking

Good air exchange Coughing, wheezing Can speak Severe Difficult, weak breathing Holding throat Cannot speak or cry

Good air exchange Encourage coughing Follow victim if help is refused Severe (adult and child) Five back blows, five abdominal thrusts Severe (infant and pregnant) Five back blows, five chest compressions Unconscious EMS 30 compressions Check for object (remove if possible) Give a breath/puff Air goes in: give another Air doesn’t: reposition head, try again

Aspiration (breathing)

Coughing Raspy breathing Pain in chest

Encourage coughing Advise seeking medical help if breathing difficulty occurs within 72 hours

Choking

Good air exchange Coughing, wheezing Can speak Severe Difficult, weak breathing Holding throat Cannot speak or cry

Good air exchange Encourage coughing Follow victim if help is refused Severe (adult and child) Five back blows, five abdominal thrusts Severe (infant and pregnant) Five back blows, five chest compressions Unconscious EMS 30 compressions Check for object (remove if possible) Give a breath/puff Air goes in: give another Air doesn’t: reposition head, try again

Asthma

Difficulty breathing Wheezing

Help with medication Loosen tight fitted clothing Pursed lip breathing

Hyperventilation

High respiration rate Tingling

EMS Pursed lip breathing

Drowning

Low LOC Difficulty breathing

Advise seeing a doctor Give warning

Angina/heart attack

Tightness in chest Shortness of breath Denial of symptoms Indigestion

EMS Loosen tight fitted clothing Help with angina medication Aspirin No Tylenol or Advil

Stroke

F.A.S.T* Facial droop Slurred speech Vision issues

EMS

Shock

Breathing issues Circulation issues Confusion Always assume shock

**WARTS

Major bleeding

Blood Pain

EMS Direct pressure If you are wearing gloves, DIY No gloves: ask victim to do it Apply gauze and bandage ***Tourniquet when direct pressure fails

Severe allergies (anaphylaxis)

Tight in airway Itchiness, swelling

EMS *Ask about epi-pen Second dose: no improvement in 5 minutes

Diabetes

Low LOC May appear intoxicated

EMS Low blood sugar: Glucose, candy, juice Advise to seek medical attention Never administer insulin

Seizures

Tonic phase Arching of back Rigidity in body Clonic phase Jerking, flailing Teeth clenching

EMS Clear area Do not restrict movements Do not place anything in between teeth Try to record seizure number and duration

Head injuries (concussion)

Low LOC Pupil issues Blurred vision Blood, clear fluid from eyes, ears, mouth, nose

EMS Treat area for bleeding Suspected skull fracture: do not apply pressure Stop sport/activity and seek medical help

Spinal injuries

Paralyzation Deformity Impaired breathing Abnormal muscle and joint actions

EMS Keep victim in position found Restrict movement If victim vomits: turn to side, scoop vomit

Dental and mouth injuries

Dental and mouth Broken teeth Cut tongue

Dental and mouth Tilt head forward Place teeth in saliva CPR: mouth-nose

Ear injuries

Ear Object Cuts, bleeding

Ear - object Remove gently Ear - cuts, bleeding Pressure, use cloth and bandage

Nose injuries

Nose Blood (nosebleed)

Nosebleed Pinch firmly, tilt head forward 20+ minutes = EMS

Eye injuries

Eye Impaired vision Object in eye Chemicals in eye Object embedded in eyeball Extruded eyeball

Eye - object Flush with water Eye - chemicals EMS Flush eye 15-20 minutes Eye - object embedded EMS Bandage Eye - extruded eyeball Cover eye with dressing Hold in cup Move to stretcher

Chest and abdominal (open chest wound, flail chest/ribs, abdominal, abdominal with extruding organs)

Open chest wound Open wound, blood Broken ribs, flail chest Springy feeling Moving, coughing, breathing causes pain Victim wants to stay still Abdominal Rigidity of muscles Abdominal with protruding organs Internal organs visible

All  EMS Protect and support Prepare for rescue breathing No foods or liquids Open chest Non-occlusive dressing only Change immediately when blood soaked Broken ribs, flail chest Not wrapped, strapped, taped Protruding organs Cover organs with clean, dry dressing

Bone and joint injuries (sprains and strains, dislocation, closed fracture, femur fracture, open fracture)

Sprains and strains Pain, swelling Discolouration (bruise) Difficulty moving area Dislocation All sprains and strains Deformed looking joint Closed fracture All dislocation Cracking sound Femur fracture Deformed, may look shorter than uninjured Possible internal bleeding Open fracture All sprains and strains Bone protruding

Sprains and strains *RICE Advise medical follow-up Dislocation RICE EMS Femur fracture RICE EMS Assess sensation and circulation above and below the injury Open fracture All femur Do not elevate

Heat burns

First-degree Redness, swelling Second-degree All first-degree Blisters Third-degree All second-degree Red, black, gray tissue Waxy, tight tissue Underlying tissues and organs exposed Pain may be absent if nerves damaged

First-degree Flush with cool, clean water until heat in affect area subsides Second-degree All first-degree Do not break blisters If broken: cover with dry dressing, bandage Advise medical follow-up Third-degree All second degree EMS Cover with dry dressing Separate fingers and toes with dressing

Chemical burns

Same as heat burns Chemicals in eye

Barrier devices Remove contaminated clothing Flush with water 15+ minutes Wash chemicals off skin Chemicals in eye EMS Flush skin-temp water for 30+ minutes Encourage blinking

Electrical burns

Heart disruption May be unconscious or non-breathing Entrance, exit wounds Similar to heat burns

EMS Turn off current before touching victim Do not handle high voltage Do not attempt using a stick to remove wire Cover wounds with dry dressing

Radiation burns

Sunburn Redness Blistering Intense light burns Sensitivity to light Gritty feeling in eyes

Sunburn Get out of sun Cool water, wet towel on area Apply medicated ointment EMS if widespread blistering, vomit, fever Intense light burns Cover eyes with cool, moist dressing Seek medical assistance

Poisoning (injected, ingested, inhaled, absorbed)

Ingested Nausea, cramps, vomit Mouth color, burns, breath odor Injected Irritation at entry point Inhaled Breathing issues Hallucinations, drowsiness, changes in behaviour Contact (absorbed) Red, rash, swell, blister

All EMS, Poison Information Centre Ingested Wipe poison residue from face and mouth Put poison and container in clear plastic bag Do not induce vomiting Injected Place at rest, limb below heart level Inhaled Barrier devices (mask) Contact Wash with cool water and soap Remove clothing with contact

Stings and bites (snakebite, insect bite, allergic reaction, ticks, leeches)

Snakebites Two puncture holes Burning, swelling Insect bites and stings Sudden pain, swelling, itching, redness Allergic reaction Itch, rash, bump on skin: white, red, blotchy Ticks Embedded on skin Leech Attached to skin

All EMS Snakebites Hand pressure above and below Bandage pressure Treat as fracture Flush with soapy water Insect bites and stings Remove bee stinger gently scraping off skin Allergic reaction Auto-injector Ticks Use tweezers to remove Clean with soapy water, apply antiseptic Leeches Detach using scraping motion with nail Clean with water

Heat cramps

Abdominal and leg Hot environment Pain, muscle spasms Overuse cramp Muscle twitching, spasms

Abdominal and leg Move to cool spot, give cool drink Stretch camps Electrolytes Overuse cramp Stretch and massage muscle

Heat exhaustion and heat stroke

Exhaustion Hot, sweaty, respiration Stroke All exhaustion Body temp rises fast Vomit, unconscious

Exhaustion Move to cool spot, drink water, cool victim Electrolytes Low LOC: EMS Stroke EMS Cool as quickly as possible Removing clothing Wrap in wet sheets Ice to armpits, chest, groin, head

Hypothermia

Mild Shivering, cold Loss of coordination Slurred speech Moderate Uncontrollable shivers Lapses in memory, may appear intoxicated Low LOC Hallucinations Severe Shivering low or absent Big desire to sleep

Dry environment Handle gently Do not rub victim Remove wet clothing Warm victim Warm beverages if alert Warm blankets Heat packs to head, neck, trunk Huddle position EMS if unconscious, doesn’t improve Do not let victim fall asleep

Frostbite

White, waxy look Altered sensation (pins and needles, burning) Skin slowly becomes hard to the touch Joints stiffen

Remove from cold environment Reheat area Do not rub frozen area Do not apply chemical warmers directly Apply loose, dry dressing Advise medical assistance