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Light intensity effect Increasing light raises photosynthesis rate until saturation. Carbon dioxide concentration effect Higher CO₂ availability can increase the rate of photosynthesis. Temperature effect Cold slows enzyme activity while excessive heat can denature enzymes. Water availability effect Water shortage can close stomata and reduce CO₂ intake. Metabolism Sum of all chemical reactions in a living organism. Catabolism Breakdown of complex molecules into simpler molecules, releasing energy. Anabolism Building complex molecules from simpler molecules, requiring energy. Cellular respiration as catabolism Process that breaks down glucose and releases energy. Protein synthesis as anabolism Process that builds proteins from amino acids. ATP Adenosine triphosphate, the primary energy-carrying molecule of cells. Adenine Nitrogenous base found in ATP. Ribose Five-carbon sugar found in ATP. Phosphate groups Three phosphate groups attached to the adenine-ribose structure of ATP. ATP hydrolysis Breakdown of ATP using water, releasing a terminal phosphate and usable energy. ATP hydrolysis equation ATP + H₂O → ADP + Pi + energy. ADP Adenosine diphosphate formed when ATP loses its terminal phosphate group. Inorganic phosphate (Pi) Phosphate group released during ATP hydrolysis. Cellular work Activities powered by ATP, including muscle contraction, active transport, protein synthesis, and cell division.

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