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temperament
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Lecture 6 - Temperament
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temporization between apts
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Temporal Bone, Outer Ear
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Temporal bone features
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Temperament
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temperament and attachment
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Inter-temporal macro
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1. Miastenia Gravis: La falla en la comunicación neuromuscular La Miastenia Gravis (MG) no es un problema del músculo en sí, sino de la transmisión de la señal nerviosa hacia él. Es una enfermedad autoinmune y fluctuante. ¿Dónde ocurre? En la membrana postsináptica de la unión neuromuscular. El nervio suelta la acetilcolina (el mensajero), pero el músculo no puede recibirla correctamente. Los culpables (Anticuerpos): El sistema inmune destruye los receptores. El documento menciona tres tipos: Anti-AChR (85%): Los más comunes. Anti-MuSK (10-15%): Suelen dar cuadros más severos, con mucha afectación de cara, cuello y músculos respiratorios. Anti-LRP4 (5%): Casos más leves. Nota clínica clave: Que los análisis salgan negativos (seronegativa) no descarta la enfermedad. Clínica (El día a día del paciente): La palabra clave aquí es fatigabilidad. El paciente se levanta bien, pero a medida que usa los músculos, se agotan. Ptosis y Diplopía: Párpado caído y visión doble (los músculos oculares son los primeros en afectarse). Crisis Miasténica: Es la complicación más grave. El diafragma se debilita tanto que el paciente entra en paro respiratorio. Diagnóstico: Además del laboratorio y la electromiografía (EMG), destaca la Prueba del Hielo (el frío mejora temporalmente la transmisión neuromuscular y levanta el párpado caído) y la TAC de Tórax. Esta última es vital porque la MG está súper ligada a alteraciones del timo (hiperplasia o timoma), que es donde se "entrenan" mal esos anticuerpos. 2. Distrofias Musculares: El daño estructural del músculo A diferencia de la Miastenia, aquí el problema sí es estructural y genético. Es una distrofinopatía. La proteína ausente (Distrofina): Imagina que la distrofina es el "amortiguador" o el pegamento que protege la membrana de la célula muscular cada vez que se contrae. Sin ella, el músculo se rompe con el uso y se destruye progresivamente. Genética: Ligada al cromosoma X (Xp21). Las mujeres suelen ser portadoras sanas y los hombres desarrollan la enfermedad. Duchenne vs. Becker: Duchenne: Es la forma grave. No hay nada de distrofina. Inicia en la infancia temprana (2-3 años) y el deterioro es rápido. Becker: Es más noble. Hay distrofina, pero es defectuosa o insuficiente. Inicia más tarde (adolescencia o adultez) y progresa lento. Signos Clínicos Típicos: Debilidad Progresiva NO Fluctuante: Aquí no hay días buenos o malos como en la Miastenia; el músculo se va perdiendo. Empieza en la cintura pélvica. Signo de Gowers: Como los músculos de la pelvis y piernas están débiles, el niño tiene que "escalar sobre sí mismo" usando las manos para poder ponerse de pie. Pseudohipertrofia de gemelos: Las pantorrillas se ven grandes y fuertes, pero es un engaño; el músculo destruido fue reemplazado por grasa y tejido conectivo. Marcha Anserina: Camina balanceando la cadera de un lado a otro (como un pato) por debilidad del glúteo medio. Tratamiento: Se usan corticoides para retrasar la pérdida de fuerza y proteger la función pulmonar/cardíaca el mayor tiempo posible. 3. Parálisis Cerebral (PC): Lesión en un cerebro en desarrollo La PC es una lesión fija (no va a empeorar ni a extenderse), pero ocurre en un cerebro inmaduro, lo que altera el desarrollo motor de por vida. Los detonantes principales: El documento apunta directo a la prematurez (< 36 semanas) y al bajo peso (< 2500g). Los vasos sanguíneos de un bebé prematuro son sumamente frágiles; ante cualquier cambio de presión o falta de oxígeno (hipoxia), se rompen o se infartan las zonas cercanas a los ventrículos cerebrales (vía piramidal), dejando secuelas motoras. Clasificación según la zona dañada: 1 Espástica (80-85%): Daño en la corteza cerebral / vía piramidal. Los músculos están rígidos, tensos y los reflejos exagerados. Dependiendo de qué lóbulo o zona afecte, puede asociarse a epilepsia o problemas cognitivos. 2 Discinética/Atetoide (10-15%): Daño en los núcleos basales. Produce movimientos involuntarios, descoordinados y cambios bruscos en el tono muscular (pasa de rígido a flácido). Se relaciona con posturas distónicas o movimientos de corea. 3 Atáxica (5%): Daño en el cerebelo. El principal problema es el equilibrio, la coordinación de movimientos y el tono muscular bajo (hipotonía), acompañado a veces de nistagmus (movimiento involuntario de los ojos). Cambios estructurales visibles en imagen (USG/RMN): Destaca la atrofia periventricular, que lesiona directamente las fibras que controlan el movimiento de las piernas y brazos, y la ventriculomegalia (dilatación de los ventrículos por pérdida de tejido cerebral circundante)
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Literature Final Exam Study Guide The Wednesday Wars by The Wednesday Wars Author * Written by Gary D. Schmidt Protagonist * Holling Hoodhood * A seventh-grade student. * Feels misunderstood by his father and teacher. * Learns responsibility, courage, and empathy throughout the novel. Setting (Time and Place) * Time: 1967–1968 during the Vietnam War era. * Place: Long Island, New York (fictional town of Camillo Junior High). Main Characters & Roles Mrs. Baker * Holling’s teacher. * At first Holling thinks she hates him. * Eventually becomes a mentor and supporter. * Makes Holling read Shakespeare. Danny Hupfer * Holling’s friend. * Funny and loyal. Meryl Lee Kowalski * Holling’s classmate and friend. * Kind and supportive. * Performs in plays with Holling. Mai Thi * Vietnamese refugee student. * Symbolizes the effects of the Vietnam War. Mr. Hoodhood * Holling’s father. * Strict and focused on business reputation. * Has a strained relationship with Holling. Heather Hoodhood * Holling’s sister. * Becomes involved in anti-war protests. * Supportive of Holling. ⸻ Major Events in the Novel Shakespeare Lessons * Holling spends Wednesday afternoons with Mrs. Baker reading Shakespeare. * The lessons connect to events in Holling’s life. Field Trips & School Events * School activities often become embarrassing or chaotic for Holling. Cross-Country Running * Holling discovers confidence and talent through running. The Play * Holling acts in Shakespeare performances. * Learns teamwork and self-confidence. Rats in the School * Holling must help catch escaped rats. * Creates funny and stressful situations. Vietnam War Connections * Mai Thi’s family and soldiers from the town show the war’s impact. Bonding with Mrs. Baker * Their relationship changes from distrust to respect and care. Family Tension * Holling struggles with his father’s expectations and lack of emotional support. ⸻ Holling and His Father * Mr. Hoodhood values business success more than Holling’s feelings. * Holling feels pressured to obey and succeed. * Their relationship is strained because: * Mr. Hoodhood rarely listens to Holling. * He cares deeply about appearances and business deals. * Holling wants independence and understanding. * By the end, Holling grows stronger and more confident despite his father’s pressure. ⸻ To Kill a Mockingbird by To Kill a Mockingbird Author * Written by Harper Lee Setting * Place: Maycomb, Alabama. * Time: The 1930s during the Great Depression. How Many Years Does the Book Cover? * About 3 years. What Happened to Scout’s Mom? * Scout’s mother died when Scout was very young. Town Sheriff * Heck Tate is the sheriff of Maycomb. ⸻ Important Characters Scout Finch * Narrator and main character. * Curious, intelligent, and tomboyish. Jem Finch * Scout’s older brother. * Matures throughout the novel. Atticus Finch * Scout and Jem’s father. * Lawyer who defends Tom Robinson. * Symbol of morality and justice. Walter Cunningham * Poor but honorable boy from the Cunningham family. Boo Radley * Reclusive neighbor. * Secretly watches over Jem and Scout. * Saves them at the end. Miss Maudie * Wise and kind neighbor. * Supports Atticus. Heck Tate * Sheriff of Maycomb. * Protects Boo Radley at the end. Mrs. Dubose * Elderly woman with a bad temper. * Secretly fighting morphine addiction. Mr. Link Deas * Tom Robinson’s employer. * Defends Tom’s character. Uncle Jack * Atticus’s brother. * Doctor. Dolphus Raymond * Pretends to be drunk to give society an explanation for his lifestyle. Bob Ewell * Racist and abusive father of Mayella. * Main antagonist. Mayella Ewell * Accuses Tom Robinson of assault. * Lonely and abused. Little Chuck Little * Student who helps Scout understand school rules. Lula * Woman at First Purchase Church who questions Scout and Jem being there. Zeebo * Calpurnia’s son. * Leads singing at church. Cousin Francis * Insults Atticus, causing Scout to fight him. Mr. Underwood * Newspaper editor who supports justice. Burris Ewell * Dirty and rude Ewell child. * Bullies the teacher. ⸻ Major Events & Important Questions Atticus’ Final Arguments * Atticus argues Tom Robinson is innocent. * Explains the Ewells are lying. * Says prejudice influenced the case. Tom Robinson and Mayella * Mayella kissed Tom Robinson. * Bob Ewell saw this and became angry. * Tom was falsely accused because of racism. Why Jem Destroys Mrs. Dubose’s Camellias * Mrs. Dubose insults Atticus. * Jem becomes angry and destroys her flowers. Why Jem Goes to Mrs. Dubose’s House * As punishment, Jem must read to her daily. * He learns about courage and addiction. Jem and Scout in the Courtroom * They secretly watch Tom Robinson’s trial from the balcony with the Black community. Mr. Cunningham at the Jail * A mob tries to hurt Tom Robinson. * Scout talks politely to Mr. Cunningham. * The mob leaves peacefully. Who Scout Confides In After a Fight * Scout often talks with Atticus or Miss Maudie after problems. What Happens on Christmas Day at Finch’s Landing * Scout fights Cousin Francis after he insults Atticus. Crimes Bob Ewell Has Committed * Abuse, lying under oath, intimidation, and attacking Jem and Scout. Why Is It a Sin to Kill Mockingbirds? * Mockingbirds symbolize innocence. * They do no harm and only bring beauty. Characters That Symbolize Mockingbirds * Tom Robinson * Boo Radley * Sometimes Scout and Jem Who Saves Jem and Scout? * Boo Radley saves them from Bob Ewell. What Happens to Tom Robinson? * He is convicted unfairly. * Later shot and killed while trying to escape prison. Tom Robinson Trial * Shows racism and injustice in Maycomb. * Despite evidence of innocence, Tom is convicted. Why Miss Maudie Moves in with Miss Stephanie * Miss Maudie’s house burns down. Scout’s Halloween Costume * She wears a ham costume. Symbolic Significance of the Mockingbird * Represents innocent people harmed by evil or prejudice. * Main theme: protect innocence and goodness. ⸻ Important Themes for Both Novels Courage * Standing up for what is right even when it is difficult. Growing Up * Characters learn maturity and understanding. Prejudice and Judgment * Both novels explore unfair assumptions about people. Family Relationships * Parent-child relationships strongly affect the characters. Empathy * Understanding others’ perspectives is important in both stories
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