Snap Test

Introduction to Proliferation and Deterrence

9 - ANTIBODY DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION

6 SOAP Notes, SMART Goals & Treatment Plans

Deserts

hot deserts

Los niños detectives Cap 2

Los niños detectives Cap1

Food Security and SNAPs

snapping turtles

OT323L shoulder/scap IMT/goni/PM

60 Soal MDE CVS kating

Soal MDE CVS_1-20

9.7 - Detection of light in mammals

3.1.2 +3.1.3: Business growth + Demergers

Exam 1 Concepts: Integumentary System: Know the importance of pressure injury prevention strategies i.e.. Q2 turns (pressure redistribution), moisture barrier cream (reduce moisture), pillows under bony prominences (limits friction/shearing), smooth and wrinkle-free linen (reduce bed irritation), adequate protein intake (improve wound healing) Normal skin findings vs abnormal findings Importance of each skin layer: epidermis (melanin, keratin), dermis (glands, vessels, nerves), hypodermis (fat, anchors skin) How to assess for early signs of pressure injury: redness, blanching, moist vs dry ​Dark skin tones: use palpation to detect tissue consistency Early signs of pressure injury: Q2 turns/repositioning= priority, never massage area, apply heat, or use alcohol Increase protein intake to help wound healing Musculoskeletal System: ROM: active vs passive. Always compare both sides of body for accurate assessment Body mechanics when transferring a patient: bend at knees, not waist, use leg muscles, avoid twisting, stand on patient’s stronger side to optimize support Cane=one point of contact for unilateral weakness; standard walker= four points of contact for bilateral weakness; crutches= three points of contact for non-weight bearing injury (crutches should be 6 inches from sides of feet to ensure stability and prevent tripping) Post-op joint replacement: cold therapy reduces swelling How to prevent contractures (splints, ROM) Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid arthritis: encourage ROM after pain medication given, use assistive devices as needed to protect joints, apply warm compress before activity to reduce pain/stiffness, take breaks to conserve energy, perform low impact exercises to maintain mobility and strength, quit smoking Function of bone marrow Neurologic System: Correct sequence of a nerve impulse: action potential moves down axon terminal → neurotransmitter released → neurotransmitter binds to receptor → Sodium and potassium ions move to generate new action potential Cranial nerves: CN III = oculomotor, CN VII = facial, CN IX = glossopharyngeal, CNXII = hypoglossal (know what these 4 cranial nerves control) Cerebellum = coordination. Tested with finger-to-nose test Aphasia = difficulty communicating (receptive or expressive). Provide calm, slow speaking/direction, allow extra time, face patient directly, do not rush, do not ask multiple questions at once, do not talk over them Dysphagia = difficulty swallowing. High risk of aspiration. Stop oral intake and notify provider. If able, proceed with thickened liquids, sit patient up 90 degrees, observe for further signs of choking, monitor weight/hydration/nutrition Autonomic nervous system= involuntary (automatic) functions like digestion and heart rate Stroke prevention: adequate blood pressure control = priority Eye/Ear: Eye structures: cornea-bends light; lens-focuses light; retina-photoreceptors; iris-controls light entry PERRLA = pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation Outer ear = pinna, canal; middle ear = ossicles, ET, tympanic membrane, amplifies sound, equalizes pressure, transmits sound; inner ear = cochlea, vestibular apparatus, converts sound to electrical nerve impulse Tympanic membrane: normal = pearly gray, shiny, translucent, visible cone of light Respiratory System: Abnormal lung sounds: Wheezes =high-pitched, often associated with asthma. Crackles = rattling sound, fluid in alveoli/bronchioles, common in pneumonia and heart failure. Ronchi = low pitched, snoring, caused by airway obstruction, common in COPD. Stridor = high pitched sound in the larynx or trachea, medical emergency, common in foreign body obstruction or anaphylaxis Diaphragm = breathing muscle Alveoli = gas exchange Pleura = serous membrane surrounding lungs and chest cavity; reduces friction, allows smooth expansion and contraction of lungs Incentive spirometry: smoking can affect results Chest Xray: patient should inhale fully and hold breath for best view Pulmonary function test (PFTs): avoid caffeine before test Bronchoscopy: post-op encourage coughing and deep breathing exercises Laryngoscopy: NPO for 8 hours prior ETCO2, capnography monitoring = measurement of CO2 being expired. Gas Exchange: Normal pH= 7.35-7.45; < 7.35 = acidosis, > 7.45 = alkalosis Normal CO2= 35-45; <35 = alkalosis, > 45 = acidosis Normal HCO3= 22-26; <22 = acidosis, >26= alkalosis CO2 = respiratory HCO3 = metabolic Dosage Calculation/Miscellaneous: Nursing process: always assess first before intervention There are 5 mL in 1 teaspoon There are 2.2 lbs per kg. ​Pounds to kilograms: divide by 2.2 ​Kilograms to pounds: multiply by 2.2 Know how to read a 24 hour clock (military time…ex. 2000 hours is 8pm) Fahrenheit to Celsius formula: F = (C x 9/5) + 32…….(9/5 = 1.8 in decimal form) ​Example: convert 38.3 C to F ​F = (38.3 x 9/5) + 32 OR (38.3 x 1.8) + 32 ​F = (68.94) + 32 ​F = 100.94 (round to nearest tenth—100

Central Nervous System White vs gray matter :: Gray = cell bodies (processing); White = myelinated axons (communication) Primary motor cortex, Broca’s, premotor location :: Frontal lobe Innermost meninge :: Pia mater CSF is formed where :: Choroid plexus (ventricles) Ventral horn destruction causes :: Loss of motor output Same hemisphere fibers :: Association fibers Across hemispheres :: Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Advantage of convolutions :: Increased surface area → more processing power Grooves :: Sulci Folds :: Gyri Groove dividing hemispheres :: Longitudinal fissure Frontal vs parietal lobe :: Central sulcus Parietal vs temporal :: Lateral sulcus Primary motor cortex :: Voluntary movement Premotor cortex :: Plans movement Primary sensory cortex :: Detects touch Somatosensory association :: Interprets sensation Visual area :: Vision Auditory area :: Hearing Prefrontal cortex :: Decision making/personality Broca’s area :: Speech production Controls temp, hunger, ANS :: Hypothalamus Substantia nigra location :: Midbrain Vital centers (heart, breathing) :: Medulla oblongata Sensory relay center :: Thalamus (gray matter) Basal nuclei function :: Initiate/stop movement, smooth motion Cerebellum role :: Coordination, balance, posture Limbic system location/function :: Around brainstem; emotion + memory RAS meaning/function :: Reticular Activating System; alertness STM → LTM factors :: Repetition, sleep, emotion, meaning CNS protection (4) :: Skull/vertebrae, meninges, CSF, BBB CSF formation/drainage :: Produced in ventricles → circulates → reabsorbed into blood Blood-brain barrier :: Tight capillaries + astrocytes Pyramidal tracts :: Motor pathways; cross at medulla Dorsal vs ventral roots :: Dorsal = sensory; Ventral = motor CSF location :: Subarachnoid space Spinal cord organization :: Gray inside; white outside Anterior vs posterior root signals :: Anterior = motor; Posterior = sensory Cervical/lumbar enlargements :: Serve limbs Spinal cord location :: Vertebral foramen Filum terminale :: Anchors spinal cord ⸻ Sensation & Integration Sensation vs perception :: Sensation = detection; Perception = interpretation Sensory modality :: Type of stimulus Mechanoreceptors :: Touch/pressure Thermoreceptors :: Temperature Chemoreceptors :: Chemicals Nociceptors :: Pain Naked nerve endings :: Free endings (pain/temp) Encapsulated endings :: Wrapped (touch/pressure) 3 steps of sensation :: Stimulus → receptor → signal to brain Meissner’s corpuscles :: Light touch receptors Proprioceptor example :: Muscle spindle; detects stretch/body position Pressure receptor :: Pacinian corpuscle (encapsulated) Thermal receptor distribution :: Uneven Touch receptor distribution :: Uneven Referred pain :: Pain felt elsewhere Pain receptors :: Nociceptors Brain maps based on :: Sensitivity (not size) 3-neuron sensory pathway :: 1st: receptor → spinal cord 2nd: spinal cord → thalamus 3rd: thalamus → cortex Motor pathway neurons :: 2 neurons Upper: brain → spinal cord Lower: spinal cord → muscle Ascending pathways :: Sensory to brain Descending pathways :: Motor from brain

Donor Screening and Selection: causes of deferral

Desert Landscapes

Geography of Africa: Major Rivers, Lakes, Mountains, and Deserts