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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE BRAIN STEM DR A. A. NWAKANMA THE BRAINSTEM •The brainstem is made up of the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain •It is stalklike in shape and connects the narrow spinal cord with the expanded forebrain •Occupies the posterior cranial fossa of the skull Loading… FUNCTIONS OF BRAINSTEM •It serves as a conduit for the ascending and descending tracts connecting the spinal cord to the different parts of the higher centers in the forebrain •It contains important reflex centers associated with the control of respiration and CVS. •It is also associated with the control of consciousness •It contains important nuclei of cranial nerves II through XII EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA OBLONGATA • The medulla oblongata connects the pons superiorly with the SC inferiorly •The junction of the medulla and SC is at the origin of the anterior and posterior roots of the first cervical nerve which corresponds approximately to the level of the foramen magnum Loading… EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA •The medulla oblongata is piriform in shape •It has a broad superior part – open part •And a lower closed part •The central canal of the SC continues upward into the lower half of the medulla •In the upper half of the medulla it expands as the cavity of the fourth ventricle EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA •On the ant. Surface of the medulla is the anterior median fissure which is continous inferiorly with the ant. Median fissure of the SC •On each side of the median fissure is a swelling called the pyramid EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA •The pyramids are composed of bundles of nerve fibers, corticospinal fibers which originate in large nerve cells in the precentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex •The pyramids tapers inferiorly and majority of the descending fibers cross over to the opposite side forming the decussation of the pyramids here •The ant. External arcuate fibers are a few nerve fibers that emerge from the ant. Median fissure above the decussation and pass laterally over the medulla oblongata to enter the cerebellum EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA •Posterolateral to the pyramids are the OLIVES which are oval elevations produced by the underlying inf. Olivary nuclei •In the groove b/w the pyramid and olive emerges the rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve •Post. To the olives are the inf. Cerebellar peduncles which connect the medulla to the cerebellum EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MEDULLA •In the groove b/w the olive and the inf. Cerebellar peduncle emerges the roots of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves and the cranial roots of accessory nerve •The post. Surface of the sup. Half of the medulla forms the lower part of the floor of the 4th ventricle External features of medulla •The post surface of the inf. Half continues with the post. Aspect of the SC and possesses a post. Median sulcus •On each side of the median sulcus is an elongated swelling , the Gracile tubercle produced by the underlying gracile nu. •Lat. To the gracile tubercle is the cuneate tubercle produced by the underlying cuneate nu. Loading… INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MEDULLA •The internal structure of the medulla oblongata is usually considered at 3 levels •Level of pyramidal decussation •Level of olive •Level of sensory or lemniscal decussation T/S OF MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF OLIVE •This level corresponds to the floor of the 4th ventricle and the cranial n. Nuclei seen include •Hypoglossal n. • Vestibular nuclei •Dorsal nu. Of vagus •Solitary tract and its nu. •Nu. Ambigus • dorsal and ventral cochlear nu. T/S OF MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF OLIVE •The other masses of gray matter seen at this level include •The medial and dorsal accessory olivary nu. •Lat. Reticular nu. •Arcuate nu. •The descending tracts seen include •Pyramid •Rubrospinal tract •Spinal nu. And •Tract of trigeminal n. T/S OF MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF OLIVE •The ascending tracts include •Medial lemniscus lying in the middle and is L shaped •Spinothalamic T •Spinocerbellar T. •Spinotectal T. •The reticular formation and the inf. Olivary nu. Are also prominent features found at this level T/S OF THE MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF LEMNISCAL DECUSSATION •The level represented by this section lies a little above the level of the pyramidal decussation •The structures found at this level include •Central canal surrounded by gray matter •Medial lemniscus •The pyramids the nu. And fasciculus cuneatus •Spinal nu. Of trigeminal n. •The reticular formation T/S OF THE MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF LEMNISCAL DECUSSATION •Internal arcuate fibers which arise from the nu. Gracilis and cuneatus and arch forward on the medial side of the gray matter crossing in the midline to form the lemniscal or sensory decussation •Accessory cuneate nu. Lying dorsolateral to the cuneate nu. T/S OF THE MEDULLA AT THE LEVEL OF LEMNISCAL DECUSSATION •The cranial nerve nuclei seen at this level include •Hypoglossal nu. •Dorsal motor nu. Of vagus •Arcuate nu. •Nu. Of solitary tract •Nu. Ambigus •Other structures include •Lower part of inf. Olivary nu. •Lat. Reticular nu. •Arcuate nu. •Lat. & ventral spinothalamic tr. •Doral and ventral spinocerebella tr. •Spino-olivary tr. •Pyramids •Vestibulospinal tr. •Corticospinal tr. •Medial longitudinal fasciculus Connections of the Inferior Olivary Complex • The main afferents of the inferior olivary nucleus are from the cerebral cortex and from the spinal cord • The main efferents are to the cerebellar cortex. • An olivospinal tract is traditionally described, but some authorities hold that the inferior olivary nuclei do not send any fibres to the spinal cord. •The nucleus may be regarded as a relay station on the cortico-olivo-cerebellar and spino-olivo-cerebellar pathways. • The accessory olivary nuclei are connected to the cerebellum by parolivo-cerebellar fibres. THE PONS •The pons is the middle part of the brainstem •Its continuous below with the medulla oblongata and above with the midbrain •It is seperated from the cerbellum by the 4th ventricle •Pons has two surfaces: •Ventral and dorsal External Features Of Ventral Surface Of Pons •The ventral surface of pons shows the following features •The ventral surface is convex and has a shallow groove in the midline called the basilar groove which lodges basillar artery •Transvesely running fibers connecting the pons to the cerebellum thru the middle cerebellar peduncle •The two roots of trigeminal nerve (sensory and motor) emerge at the jxn b/w the ventral surface of pons and middle cerebellar peduncle EXTERNAL FEATURES OF DORSAL PONS •The dorsal surface of pons shows the following features •Median sulcus in the median plane •Medial eminence – shows rounded elevation in the lower part called facial colliculus which overlies the nu. Of abducent n. •Sulcus limitans – is lat. To the medial eminence and seperates medial eminence from vestibular area T/S THROUGH CAUDAL PART OF PONS •The features seen at this level include •Medial lemniscus in the most ant. Part of the tegmentum •The facial nu. Lies post to the lat. Part of the medial lemniscus •The fibers of the facial nerve wind around the nu. Of the abducent nerve producing the facial colliculus T/S THROUGH CAUDAL PART OF PONS •The medial longitudinal fasciculus is situated beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle on either side of the midline •The medial longitudinal fasciculus is the main pathway that connects the vestibular and cochlear nuclei with the nuclei controlling the extraocular muscles (oculomotor, trochlear and abducent) •The medial vestibular nu. Is situated lat. To the abducent nu. And in close relationship to the inf. Cerebellar peduncle T/S THROUGH CAUDAL PART OF PONS •The sup. Part of the lat. And inf. Part of sup. Vestibular nu. Are found at this level •Post. And ant. Cochlear nu. Are also found at this level •The spinal nu.of trigeminal nerve and tract lie on the anteromedial aspect of the inf. Cerebellar peduncle T/S THROUGH CAUDAL PART OF PONS •The trapezoid body is made up of fibers derived from the cochlear nuclei and the nuclei of trapezoid body •They run transversely in the ant. Part of the tegmentum •The basilar part of the pons at this level contain masses of nervr cells called pontine nuclei T/S THROUGH CAUDAL PART OF PONS •The axons of these cells give origin to the transverse fibers of the pons which cross the midline and intersect the corticospinal and corticonuclear tracts breaking them up into small bundles Loading… INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CRANIAL PART OF PONS •The internal structure of the cranial part of pons is similar to that seen at the caudal level but contains the motor and principal sensory nuclei of the trigeminal nerve •The motor nu. Of the trigeminal nerve is situated beneath the lat. Part of the 4th ventricle within the reticular formation INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF CRANIAL PART OF PONS •The principal sensory nu. Of the trigeminal nerve is situated lateral to the motor nu. •The sup. Cerebellar peduncle is situated posterolat. To the motor nu. Of trigeminal nerve EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN •Midbrain measures about 2cm in length and connects the pons and cerebellum with the forebrain •The midbrain is traversed by a narrow channel – the cerebral aqueduct ( which is filled with CSF) •On the posterior surface are four rounded eminences that are divided into superior and inferior pairs •The sup. Colliculi are centers for visual reflexes while the inf. Are lower auditory centers •In the midline below the inf. Colliculi emerges the trochlear nerves EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN •Each colliculi is related to a ridge called brachium •The sup. Brachium passes from the sup. Colliculus to the lat. Geniculate body and the optic tract •The inf. brachium connects the inf colliculus to the medial geniculate body EXTERNAL FEATURES OF MIDBRAIN •On the anterior aspect of the midbrain is a deep depression in the midline called the interpeduncular fossa which is bounded on either side by the crus cerebri •Many blood vessels perforate the floor of the interpeduncular fossa and this region is termed the post. Perforated substance INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MIDBRAIN •The midbrain is divided into two parts – •An upper tectum and •A lower part called cerebral peduncles •The upper part (tectum) contains mainly the colliculi of the two sides and represents the dorsal part of the midbrain •The cerebral peduncles are subdivided by the substantia nigra into •The tegmentum and •Crus cerebri STRUCTURE OF MIDBRAIN AT OF INF. COLLICULUS •The structures seen at this level include •Crus cerebri- this contain descending fibers from different parts of the cerebral cortex •The medial 1/6 contain frontopontine fibers •The intemediate 2/3 contain corticospinal and corticonuclear fibers •The lat. 1/6 contain temporopontine fibers •Other structures include •Substantia nigra •Cerebral aqueduct : this is surrounded by the central gray matter. •Ventral to this aqueduct is the oculomotor and trochlear nerves STRUCTURE OF MIDBRAIN AT OF INF. COLLICULUS •Reticular formation b/w the substantia nigra and gray matter •Inferior colliculus •Mesocephalic nu. Of trigeminal nerve •Compact bundle of fibers lies in the tegmentum dorsomedial to the substantia nigra •This bundle consistsof the medial lemniscus, trigeminal lemniscus and spinal lemniscus •Medial longitudinal fasciculus •Superior cerebellar peduncle •Rubrospinal tract Structure of midbrain at the level of sup. colliculus •The following structures are seen at this level •Sup. Colliculus in the tectum •Red nu. In the tegmentum dorsomedial to the substantia nigra •Oculomotor nuclei near the central gray matter •Bundles of ascending fibers consisting of medial lemniscus, spinal lemniscus and trigeminal lemniscus Structure of midbrain at the level of sup. colliculus •Dorsal tegmental decussation : this consists of fibers originating in the sup. Colliculus, it crosses to the opp. Side and descend as the tectospinal tract •Ventral tegmental decussation : this originates in the red nu
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Sure thing! Here are the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, bond angles for | Sure thing! Here are the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles for each type: | Formula | Electron Domain Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angle(s) | |-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | AX₂ | Linear | Linear | 180° | | AX₃ | Trigonal Planar | Trigonal Planar | 120° | | AX₂E | Trigonal Planar | Bent | <120° | | AX₄ | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral | 109.5° | | AX₃E | Tetrahedral | Trigonal Pyramidal | <109.5° | | AX₂E₂ | Tetrahedral | Bent | <109.5° | | AX₅ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 90°, 120°, 180° | | AX₄E | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Seesaw | <90°, <120°, <180° | | AX₃E₂ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | T-shaped | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₃ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Linear | 180° | | AX₆ | Octahedral | Octahedral | 90°, 180° | | AX₅E | Octahedral | Square Pyramidal | <90°, <180° | | AX₄E₂ | Octahedral | Square Planar | 90°, 180° | | AX₃E₃ | Octahedral | T-shaped (octahedral) | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₄ | Octahedral | Linear (octahedral) | 180° | This table should give you a complete picture of the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles. If you need further details or have more questions, feel free to ask! thing! Here are the Sure thing! Here are the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles for each type: | Formula | Electron Domain Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angle(s) | |-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | AX₂ | Linear | Linear | 180° | | AX₃ | Trigonal Planar | Trigonal Planar | 120° | | AX₂E | Trigonal Planar | Bent | <120° | | AX₄ | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral | 109.5° | | AX₃E | Tetrahedral | Trigonal Pyramidal | <109.5° | | AX₂E₂ | Tetrahedral | Bent | <109.5° | | AX₅ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 90°, 120°, 180° | | AX₄E | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Seesaw | <90°, <120°, <180° | | AX₃E₂ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | T-shaped | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₃ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Linear | 180° | | AX₆ | Octahedral | Octahedral | 90°, 180° | | AX₅E | Octahedral | Square Pyramidal | <90°, <180° | | AX₄E₂ | Octahedral | Square Planar | 90°, 180° | | AX₃E₃ | Octahedral | T-shaped (octahedral) | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₄ | Octahedral | Linear (octahedral) | 180° | This table should give you a complete picture of the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles. If you need further details or have more questions, feel free to ask! geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles for each type: | Formula | Electron Domain Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angle(s) | |-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | AX₂ | Linear | Linear | 180° | | AX₃ | Trigonal Planar | Trigonal Planar | 120° | | AX₂E | Trigonal Planar | Bent | <120° | | AX₄ | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral | 109.5° | | AX₃E | Tetrahedral | Trigonal Pyramidal | <109.5° | | AX₂E₂ | Tetrahedral | Bent | <109.5° | | AX₅ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 90°, 120°, 180° | | AX₄E | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Seesaw | <90°, <120°, <180° | | AX₃E₂ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | T-shaped | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₃ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Linear | 180° | | AX₆ | Octahedral | Octahedral | 90°, 180° | | AX₅E | Octahedral | Square Pyramidal | <90°, <180° | | AX₄E₂ | Octahedral | Square Planar | 90°, 180° | | AX₃E₃ | Octahedral | T-shaped (octahedral) | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₄ | Octahedral | Linear (octahedral) | 180° | This table should give you a complete picture of the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles. If you need further details or have more questions, feel free to ask! | Electron Domain Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angle(s) Sure thing! Here are the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles for each type: | Formula | Electron Domain Geometry | Molecular Geometry | Bond Angle(s) | |-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | AX₂ | Linear | Linear | 180° | | AX₃ | Trigonal Planar | Trigonal Planar | 120° | | AX₂E | Trigonal Planar | Bent | <120° | | AX₄ | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral | 109.5° | | AX₃E | Tetrahedral | Trigonal Pyramidal | <109.5° | | AX₂E₂ | Tetrahedral | Bent | <109.5° | | AX₅ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 90°, 120°, 180° | | AX₄E | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Seesaw | <90°, <120°, <180° | | AX₃E₂ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | T-shaped | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₃ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Linear | 180° | | AX₆ | Octahedral | Octahedral | 90°, 180° | | AX₅E | Octahedral | Square Pyramidal | <90°, <180° | | AX₄E₂ | Octahedral | Square Planar | 90°, 180° | | AX₃E₃ | Octahedral | T-shaped (octahedral) | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₄ | Octahedral | Linear (octahedral) | 180° | This table should give you a complete picture of the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles. If you need further details or have more questions, feel free to ask! |-----------|--------------------------|--------------------------|---------------------| | AX₂ | Linear | Linear | 180° | | AX₃ | Trigonal Planar | Trigonal Planar | 120° | | AX₂E | Trigonal Planar | Bent | <120° | | AX₄ | Tetrahedral | Tetrahedral | 109.5° | | AX₃E | Tetrahedral | Trigonal Pyramidal | <109.5° | | AX₂E₂ | Tetrahedral | Bent | <109.5° | | AX₅ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Trigonal Bipyramidal | 90°, 120°, 180° | | AX₄E | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Seesaw | <90°, <120°, <180° | | AX₃E₂ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | T-shaped | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₃ | Trigonal Bipyramidal | Linear | 180° | | AX₆ | Octahedral | Octahedral | 90°, 180° | | AX₅E | Octahedral | Square Pyramidal | <90°, <180° | | AX₄E₂ | Octahedral | Square Planar | 90°, 180° | | AX₃E₃ | Octahedral | T-shaped (octahedral) | <90°, <180° | | AX₂E₄ | Octahedral | Linear (octahedral) | 180° | This table should give you a complete picture of the molecular geometries, electron domain geometries, and bond angles
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Apple/Samsung, etc.. pour assurer que leur application a été le défaut sur leur produit, ce qui réduit la compétition beaucoup. 1.6 Avantage concurrentiel 4x exemples d'avantage concurrentiel durable. - 6x exemples d'avantage concurrentiel nondurable. - Soit prêt avec des exemples d' entreprises/produits qui utilisent les avantages spécifiques. Développer un produit ou service Unique - Quand une entreprise a quelque chose que les entreprises concurrentes n'ont pas et ne sont pas susceptibles de développer. Par exemple, Canva est unique, car les utilisateurs n'ont pas besoin d'une expérience significative comme designer graphique. Réduire les couts de production L'utilisation de systèmes de fabrication rentables, d'automation et de haute technologie peuvent aider avec ceci. Par exemple, le Tesla déplace la production en Chine pour élimer les couts et les tarifs automobiles. Vendres a un marché niche Une entreprise fournit un produit ou un service pour un marché spécifique et dépasse la concurrence. (Il n'y a pas assez de compétition à ce marché niche). Par exemple le Drunk Éléphant Cosmetics, qui met l'accent sur les ingrédients propres et non toxiques. Créer la fidélisation de la clientèle Établir des relations avec les clients qui vont au-delà de la commodité et de prix pour que le client n'envisage pas une autre option. Par exemple, Apple garde ses clients file-les grâce à ses appareils connectés, ses services exclusifs et la qualité de ses produits. NON-DURABLE : Promotions Les entreprises veulent essayer de créer une priorité pour leur produit pour être considérés avant tous les autres par ajuster leur prix. (Ex. Ventes, coupons, programmes d'appréciations des clients). McDonald's 1$ crème glacées, les réductions/ventes à Walmart. Partenariats Exclusifs Les P/contrats exclusifs avec des fournisseurs/distributeurs ou célébrités sont très bonne, mais une fois que le contrat expire ou que les concurrents trouvent d'autres arrangements, l'avantage diminuent. (Par exemple, Nike x Travis Scott, Apple x RED). Qualité Un produit doit être plus fort, rapide, léger, facile à utiliser etc.... Alors les entreprises doivent toujours ajouter les nouvelles innovations/fonctionnalités. Par exemple, le Toyota Corolla améliore leur qualité de produit avec le système Kaizen pour augmenter la qualité et efficacité. Aussi les versions d'iPhone pour Apple. Bénéfices d'Usage Les avantages que le consommateur expérience quand ils utilisent un produit ou service, ce qui le rend plus attrayant pour eux. -Par exemple, l'Apple Watch qui a plusieurs fonctionnalités. Prix Le prix et seulement un avantage si le produit ou le service a des qualités égales à celle de la concurrence. Cela peut être difficile à maintenir avec l'évolution du marché. Par exemple le Prix de Netflix qui sont très compétitifs avec l'émergence des autres services de diffusion comme Disney+ ou Apple TV, Prime, etc.... Caracteristiques du Design Les concurrents peuvent rapidement reproduire ou innover sur les caractéristiques, ce qui réduit leur unicité et impacte au fil du temps. Par exemple, La Nintendo Switch a la capacité unique de fonctionner comme une console personnelle et un appareil portable. 1.4 Profil du client - Décrit: les données démographiques, psychographiques et géographiques. - Soit prêt avec des exemples pour chacun. Démographiques : Les donnes démographiques incluses des faits objectives des personnes comme leur âge, genre, classe socio-économique, ou niveau d'éducation/emplois. Psychographiques : Les donnes psychographiques incluses des faits subjectives des personnes, comme leur personnalité, valeurs ou intérêts. Géographiques : Les donnes géographiques incluses des faits lie à les locations, pays, villes et plus en relation des consommateurs en question. 1.5 Les marchés concurrentiels - Pourquoi la concurrence est-elle importante pour vendre des produits et des services? - Concurrence directe et indirecte. - Concurrence parfaite, monopole, oligopole. - Le clé d'efficacité nécessaire pour être concurrentiel avec exemple d'une entreprise. - Décrire prix prédateur et pratique anticoncurrentielle. Explique pratique anticoncurrentielle avec une exemple de leçon. → La concurrence est essentielle pour réduire les prix et offrir plusieurs options aux consommateurs, parce que les entreprises vont être en compétition et vont essayer d'offrir des prix/produits/services plus en plus compétitif pour rester relevant et continuer à faire un produit. Ça va aussi pousser les compagnies à innover constamment pour donner des meilleures p/s a leurs consommateurs. Concurrence Directe : La concurrence directe implique les entreprises qui offrent les services ou produits très similaires, par exemple Hershey's et Dairy Milk (les deux sont de la chocolat). Concurrence Indirecte : La concurrence indirecte implique les entreprises qui offrent les services ou produits différents, mais qui ciblent et attire le même marché et les mêmes clients, Par exemple, Uber Eats et Dominos. Concurrence Parfaite: La concurrence parfaite implique beaucoup de petites entreprises, avec aucune qui on contrôle du marché ciblent. Par exemple, Etsy, Les Barbiers, et les massothérapeutes. Concurrence Monopole : La concurrence monopole implique une seule entreprise qui est le seul fournisseur d'un bien ou service, et par conséquence, créé une situation ou seulement une entreprise a du contrôle complète sur le marché. (Chartwells, Via Rail, Canada Post, Enbridge) Concurrence Oligopole : La concurrence oligopole existe quand il y a un petit nombre de grandes entreprises dans la situation, et chacun a un peu de contrôle sur le marché. (Les banques CIBC/TD etc, Services de téléphone Bell/Rogers, Services de diffusion comme Netflix/Disney Plus). Efficacité : L'efficacité comprennent de trois aspects majeurs : a) Une GRANDE QUANTITÉ de produits ou services (Amazon a des millions de produits) b) Une HAUTE QUALITÉ de produits ou services (Les Apple produits sont de haute qualité. c) Réduire des RESSOURCES utilisées. (Starbucks commence à utiliser l'automation pour leurs processus = moins employés) → Les prix prédateurs est lorsqu'une entreprise dominante dans une industrie réduit délibérément ses prix de produit/service à des niveaux déficits (alors ne fait pas du profit) à court terme pour amasser des clients et être compétitif. → Les pratiques anticoncurrentielles sont lorsqu'un concurrent essaye de forcer d'autres concurrents à sortir d'un marché ou rend la marche plus difficile a entre. (Par exemple, les signatures d'offres exclusives avec des fournisseurs de produits, qui barre les autres entreprises de l'accès.) Par exemple, en 2024, Google a face des allégations de PA dans les États-Unis à cause de leur monopole sur l'industrie de recherche/navigateurs. Google a payé des compagnies comme 1.0 Emplois et cheminement de carrière Quels sont les emplois de cheminement de carrière (selon le site web au diapos de 1.0). - Marketing de médias sociaux Marketing par courrier Électronique Gestion de la Marque Marketing de Contenu et Rédaction Commercialisation des produits Analyse de Marketing et Marketing de Croissance - RP/Communications - Marketing Événementiel SEO/SEM et E-Commerce 1.1 Les principes de marketing - Quels sont les 3 types d'entreprises? Offre des explications et des exemples. Les produits industriels et les produits de consommations: Offre des explications et des exemples Services industriels et les services de consommateurs: Offre des explications et des exemples - Quelles sont les idées clés qui décrivent le concept de Marketing? Fabricants abricants utilisent la commercialisation de leurs produits quils sont typiquement créent eux-mêmes. Entreprise de Service : Les entreprises de services, commercialisent leurs services et leur expertise à leurs consommateurs. Organisations sans but Lucratif : Les organisations sans but lucratif veulent promouvoir leur cause aux donations, potentielle et leurs avantages aux clients. →Produits Industriels Utiliser pour fabriquer d'autres produits pou pour aider les opérations commerciales. (Ex. Maniérés primaires, Produits qui sont transformés) Ex. Parties de voiture, huile, bois. → Produits De Consommations Sont des produits non industriels pour les usages personnels par le grand public. (Ex. les téléphones cellulaires, l'iPhone, les pupitres). 1.3 Qu'est-ce qui motive un client? - Quelles sont les 5 motivations qui encouragent les ventes parmi les consommateurs? Offre des explications et des exemples. → Services Industriels Utiliser par des entreprises en raison d'augmenter ou ajouter des aspects à leurs opérations/procès etc... (Ex. Google donne des services personnalisé de Google Cloud a des entreprises pour augmenter l'efficacité de l'entreprise). -Services De Consommateurs Utiliser par des clients individuels pour leur vie personnels. (Par exemple, Google offre l'application de Google Cloud pour que leurs consommateurs puissent augmenter leur productivité.) 1. Les Besoins et Désirs Il y a une pyramide de besoin et désirs qui influence et motive les clients. Pour vouloir quelque chose plus haut dans la pyramide, les besoins et désirs des niveaux avant ce niveau ont besoin d'être présent dans ta vie. Besoins physiologiques, besoins de sécurité, besoin d'appartenance, besoin d'estime, besoins d'accomplir. 2. Influences Sociales Amis, familles et médias sociaux ainsi que des tendances et normes sociales peuvent influence et motiver des clients. 3. Commodité et Accessibilité Facile à trouver et acheter, ainsi que simple à utiliser et maintenir (par exemple l'Apple, qui est facile à acheter et maintenir à cause de son design simple). 4. Perception et Identité Les consommateurs veulent exprimer leurs identités, valeurs, personnalité et pus avec les marques, services et produits qu'ils utilisent. (Par exemple, porter le Lululemon démontre ton intérêt en être actif ou ta position comme moyenne-haute classe.) 5. Valeur Perçu Les consommateurs veulent des produits/service qui ont la qualité, fonctionnalité et prix bons dans la perception/perspective. (Ex. une artiste choisira le Faber-Castell aux dessous du Crayola à cause de la qualité)
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