Results for "protons"

Isotopes, Protons, Nuetrons, Electrons

Finding Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

protons newtrons and electronsssssssssss

Unit 2 Study Guide

Honors CHEM - Atoms (electrons, protons, neutrons) and History of the Atom

protons, neutrons, electrons

Protons in Magnetic Field

Question: Bile is a substance secreted to help digest fats. Bile is stored in the: Answer: Gallbladder Question: Which element in the protein hemoglobin, found in red blood cells, is responsible for binding oxygen? Answer: Iron Question: When a blood vessel is injured, which of the following is responsible for clotting? Answer: Platelets Question: If CaCl2 is mixed with Na2SO4 in aqueous solution, which of the following is a possible product? Answer: NaCl Question: The Earth is about 4.5 billion years old. About how many years ago did life first appear? Answer: 3.5 billion years Question: The sun’s energy reaches the Earth’s surface primarily in the form of: Answer: Visible light radiation Question: Which type of rock would likely be found at the bottom of a river bed? Answer: Sedimentary Question: Which of the following statements about the Earth is true? Answer: The mantle makes up the largest percentage of the Earth’s volume Question: If an unbalanced force acts on an object, then the object will begin to accelerate according to: Answer: Newton’s Second Law Question: In meiosis, one parent cell becomes how many daughter cells? Answer: 4 Question: The potential energy of an object with a mass of 5kg that is placed 20 meters above the surface of the earth is most nearly: Answer: 981 Joules Question: One of the reasons bacteria can be so deadly is because they multiply very quickly. E. coli has a doubling time of around 15 minutes. This means that if 100 bacteria are left alone for 2 hours, they will multiply to become: Answer: 25,600 Bacteria Question: Organisms which help one another survive by providing a mutual benefit to each other are known as: Answer: Symbionts Question: In taxonomy, which classification comes after ‘family’? Answer: Genus Question: All of the following are phenotypic traits except for: Answer: Missing 22nd chromosome Question: The cell membrane is a structure composed primarily of: Answer: Lipid Question: Of the following layers of the atmosphere, which is the closest to the earth’s surface and contains the majority of clouds? Answer: Troposphere Question: Which of the following body systems is most closely associated with the immune system? Answer: Lymphatic System Question: One of the primary characteristics of a bacteria is its: Answer: Lack of a nuclear membrane Question: Which of the following planets has a perfectly circular orbit? Answer: None Question: Sound waves will travel the fastest in a medium that is: Answer: The most dense Question: A calorie is actually a measure of energy, and is equivalent to how many Joules? Answer: 4.18 Question: What is the molecular weight of the compound C2H5O? Answer: 45 Question: Craig ran 2.5 miles on his afternoon run. How many feet did he run? Answer: 13,200 feet Question: The earth’s surface is covered by approximately what percent water? Answer: 70% Question: Blood that flows back from the body will enter the heart through the: Answer: Right Atrium Question: A nerve impulse is transmitted through your nervous system primarily by: Answer: An electric potential Question: All magnets have two poles which can be used to predict the direction of their magnetic waves. These two poles are the: Answer: South and North Question: Approximately how many bones exist in the human body? Answer: 200 Question: The nucleus of an atom is composed of: Answer: Protons and neutrons Question: What is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere? Answer: Oxygen Question: As light passes through a substance, the incident angle changes, meaning the light’s entering angle is different than its exiting angle. This is an example of: Answer: Refraction Question: If one tectonic plate slides under another, the process is known as: Answer: Subduction Question: Carbon dioxide can be consumed and converted into glucose by what type of organism? Answer: Plants Question: Two separate weather fronts will have air that is of different: Answer: Density Question: Plants are autotrophs, meaning that they: Answer: Are able to produce their own food Question: Plant and animal cells both have cell membranes and nuclear membranes. However, plant cells have a structure that animal cells do not, known as a: Answer: Cell Wall Question: Muscles in the human body require what energy compound to function? Answer: ATP Question: When a human cell divides in mitosis, the two daughter cells will each have: Answer: 46 Chromosomes Question: In an electromagnetic wave, as the frequency of the wave becomes greater, what becomes shorter? Answer: The wavelength Question: Which of the following time periods is the longest? Answer: Eon Question: In the lily flower, the red color is dominant and the white color is recessive. This means that if you cross a homozygous red flower with a white one, the offspring will be: Answer: All red Question: Which of the following is a characteristic of the tundra ecological biome? Answer: Landscape dominated by shrubs and short trees Question: A train travels at 25 mph for 3 hours. How far did the train move? Answer: 75 miles Question: A solution contains 0.1 molar hydrogen ions (H+). This means the solution is likely: Answer: Around pH 1

table 7.1 flashcards (protons)

Physiology Chapter 2 (protons, neutrons, and electrons)

CHM2211 Chemical Shift Ranges (Protons)

chemical shifts for protons in different electronic environments

quick sci study electrons protons

2(g) Acids, bases, and protons

Calculating Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Hyperthermia, Neutrons Protons and Carbon Ions

Q1: The decay of Osmium-186 by electron capture. A1:  Q2: The decay of Uranium-235 by positron emission. A2:  Q3: The decay of Radium-220 by beta emission. A3:  Q4: Bombardment of Bismuth-210 with a neutron produces Bismuth-211 and one other particle. A4:  Q5: The decay of Uranium-238 by alpha emission. A5:  Q6: The decay of Lead-214 by alpha emission. A6:  Q7: The decay of Bismuth-210 by beta emission. A7:  Q8: Bombardment of Nitrogen-14 with a proton produces Carbon-14 and one other particle. A8:  Q9: The decay of Polonium-210 by alpha emission. A9:   Short Answer 12. Why are larger nuclei such as Bismuth and upwards all radioactive? Larger nuclei are unstable and radioactive. 13. How do strong nuclear forces hold the nucleus together, and what subatomic particles are involved? Strong nuclear force; protons and neutrons. Multiple Choice 14. Which material(s) blocks gamma radiation? Lead. 15. Which material(s) blocks beta radiation? Aluminum. 16. Which material(s) blocks alpha radiation? Paper. 17. The sun is which type of bombardment reaction? Fusion.

Here are the answers to your biology questions: 1. Definitions: * Metabolism: The sum total of all chemical reactions that occur within a living organism. * Catabolism: The breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, releasing energy. * Anabolism: The synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input. * Endergonic Reaction: A reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed. * Exergonic Reaction: A reaction that releases energy. 2. Role of Enzymes in Metabolism: Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They bind to specific substrates, forming an enzyme-substrate complex, and catalyze the reaction. This allows metabolic processes to occur at rates compatible with life. 3. Enzyme Activity: * Activation Energy: The minimum amount of energy required for a reaction to occur. * Catalyst: A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process. * Active Site: The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. * Denaturation: The loss of an enzyme's shape and function, often due to extreme temperature or pH. * Substrate: The molecule upon which an enzyme acts. * Enzyme-Substrate Complex: A temporary complex formed when an enzyme binds to its substrate. * Suffix -ase: Commonly used to denote enzymes, such as sucrase, protease, and lipase. 4. Oxidation-Reduction Reactions in Cellular Respiration: In cellular respiration, oxidation-reduction reactions involve the transfer of electrons and hydrogen ions. Oxidation is the loss of electrons (and often hydrogen atoms), while reduction is the gain of electrons (and often hydrogen atoms). Energy is released during these reactions and is used to produce ATP. 5. Balanced Equation for Cellular Respiration: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP) 6. Structure of a Mitochondrion: * Outer Membrane: Encloses the mitochondrion. * Inner Membrane: Folded into cristae, increasing surface area for ATP production. * Intermembrane Space: The space between the outer and inner membranes. * Matrix: The fluid-filled space inside the inner membrane, containing enzymes for the citric acid cycle. 7. Glycolysis: Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules. 8. Citric Acid Cycle: The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. It completely oxidizes pyruvate, producing 2 ATP, 6 NADH, and 2 FADH₂ molecules per glucose molecule. 9. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation: The electron transport chain is a series of protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Electrons from NADH and FADH₂ are transferred through the chain, releasing energy that is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space. The resulting proton gradient drives ATP synthesis through ATP synthase. 10. ATP and NADH Production: * Glycolysis: 2 ATP, 2 NADH * Citric Acid Cycle: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH₂ * Electron Transport Chain: ~32 ATP (from NADH and FADH₂) 11. Structure and Function of a Dicot Leaf: Dicot leaves are typically broad and flat, with a network of veins. They have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss, stomata for gas exchange, and mesophyll cells containing chloroplasts for photosynthesis. 12. Structure of a Chloroplast: * Thylakoid: A flattened, disc-shaped sac. * Thylakoid Membrane: The membrane surrounding the thylakoid. * Thylakoid Space: The interior of the thylakoid. * Stroma: The fluid-filled space outside the thylakoids. * Grana: Stacks of thylakoids. 13. Site of Light-Dependent and Light-Independent Reactions: * Light-Dependent Reactions: Thylakoid membrane * Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle): Stroma 14. Balanced Equation for Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light energy → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ * Carbon (C) from CO₂ is incorporated into glucose. * Hydrogen (H) from water (H₂O) is incorporated into glucose. * Oxygen (O) from water is released as O₂. 15. Dual Nature of Light: Light exhibits both wave-like and particle-like properties. As a wave, it has a wavelength and frequency. As a particle, it consists of photons, discrete packets of energy. 16. Light Reactions: Light energy is absorbed by pigments in photosystems I and II, exciting electrons. These electrons are transferred through a series of electron carriers, generating ATP and NADPH. Water is split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. 17. Calvin Cycle: The Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH from the light reactions to fix CO₂ from the atmosphere. CO₂ is incorporated into RuBP, forming 3-PGA. 3-PGA is reduced to G3P, which can be used to synthesize glucose or regenerate RuBP. 18. Role of Photosynthetic Pigments: Photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, absorb light energy and transfer it to the reaction center of photosystems. 19. Role of Photosystems: Photosystems I and II are protein complexes containing pigments and electron carriers. They absorb light energy and use it to excite electrons, initiating the electron transport chain. 20. Phases of the Calvin Cycle: * Carbon Fixation: CO₂ is fixed to RuBP, forming 3-PGA. * Reduction: 3-PGA is reduced to G3P using ATP and NADPH. * Regeneration of RuBP: G3P is used to regenerate RuBP, allowing the cycle to continue. 21. ATP, NADPH, and CO₂ Requirements: * To produce 1 G3P molecule: 9 ATP, 6 NADPH, and 3 CO₂ * To produce 1 glucose molecule: 18 ATP, 12 NADPH, and 6 CO₂ I

ENE-1.D = Describe the properties of enzymes. The structure of enzymes includes the active site that specifically interacts with substrate molecules For an enzyme-mediated chemical reaction to occur = the shape & charge of the substrate must be compatible with the active site of the enzyme ENE-1.E = Explain how enzymes affect the rate of biological reactions The structure and function of enzymes contribute to the regulation of biological processes Enzymes are biological catalysts that facilitate chemical reactions (speed up) in cells by lowering the activation energy ENE-1.F = Explain how changes to the structure of an enzyme may affect its function Change to the molecular structure of a component in an enzymatic system may result in a change of the function or efficiency of the system Denaturation of an enzyme occurs when the protein structure is disrupted → eliminating the ability to catalyze reactions Environmental temperatures & pH outside the optimal range for a given enzyme will cause changes to its structure → altering the efficiency with which it catalyzes reactions In some cases, enzyme denaturation is reversible → allowing the enzyme to regain activity ENE-1.G = Explain how the cellular environment affects enzyme activity Environmental pH can alter the efficiency of enzyme activity = including through disruption of hydrogen bonds that provide enzyme structure The relative concentrations of substrates & products determine how efficiently an enzymatic reaction proceeds Higher environmental temperatures increase the speed of movement of molecules in a solution → increasing the frequency of collisions between enzymes & substrates → therefore increasing the rate of reaction Competitive inhibitor molecules can bind reversibly or irreversibly to the active site of the enzyme Noncompetitive inhibitors can bind allosteric sites = changing the activity of the enzyme ENE-1.H = Describe the role of energy in living organisms All living systems require constant input of energy Life requires a highly ordered system & does not violate the second law of thermodynamics Energy input must exceed energy loss to maintain order & to power cellular processes Cellular processes that release energy may be coupled with cellular processes that require energy Loss of order or energy flow results in death Energy-related pathways in biological systems are sequential to allow for a more controlled & efficient transfer of energy A product of a reaction in a metabolic pathway is generally the reactant for the subsequent step in the pathway ENE-1.I = Describe the photosynthetic processes that allow organisms to capture & store energy Organisms capture & store energy for use in biological processes Photosynthesis captures energy from the sun & produces sugars Photosynthesis first evolved in prokaryotic organisms Scientific evidence supports the claim that prokaryotic (cyanobacterial) photosynthesis was responsible for the production of an oxygenated atmosphere Prokaryotic photosynthetic pathways were the foundation of eukaryotic photosynthesis The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis in eukaryotes = involve a series of coordinated reaction pathways that capture energy present in light to yield ATP & NADPH (power the production of organic molecules) ENE-1.J = Explain how cells capture energy from light & transfer it to biological molecules for storage & use During photosynthesis = chlorophylls absorb energy from light = boosting electrons to a higher energy level in photosystems I & II Photosystems I & II are embedded in the internal membranes of chloroplasts & are connected by the transfer of higher energy electrons through an electron transport chain (ETC) When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC = an electrochemical gradient of protons (hydrogen ions) is established across the internal membrane The formation of the proton gradient is linked to the synthesis of ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate via ATP synthase The energy captured in the light reactions & transferred to ATP + NADPH = powers the production of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide in the Calvin cycle (which occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast) ENE-1.K = Describe the processes that allow organisms to use energy stored in biological macromolecules Fermentation & cellular respiration = use energy from biological macromolecules to produce ATP Respiration & fermentation = characteristic of all forms of life Cellular respiration in eukaryotes = involves a series of coordinated enzyme-catalyzed reactions that capture energy from biological macromolecules The electron transport chain = transfers energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes Electron transport chain reactions = occur in chloroplasts / mitochondria / prokaryotic plasma membranes In cellular respiration = electrons delivered by NADH & FADH2 = passed to a series of electron acceptors (as they move toward the terminal electron acceptor = oxygen) In photosynthesis = the terminal electron acceptor is NADP+ Aerobic prokaryotes = use oxygen as a terminal electron acceptor anaerobic prokaryotes = use other molecules The transfer of electrons = accompanied by the formation of a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane / the internal membrane of chloroplasts (with the membrane(s) separating a region of high proton concentration from a region of low proton concentration In prokaryotes = the passage of electrons is accompanied by the movement of protons across the plasma membrane. The flow of protons back through membrane-bound ATP synthase by chemiosmosis drives the formation of ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate known as oxidative phosphorylation in cellular respiration photophosphorylation in photosynthesis In cellular respiration = decoupling oxidative phosphorylation from electron transport generates heat This heat can be used by endothermic organisms to regulate body temperature ENE-1.L = Explain how cells obtain energy from biological macromolecules in order to power cellular functions Glycolysis = a biochemical pathway that releases energy in glucose to form ATP from ADP & inorganic phosphate / NADH from NAD+ /pyruvate Pyruvate = transported from the cytosol to the mitochondrion = where further oxidation occurs In the Krebs cycle = carbon dioxide is released from organic intermediates = ATP is synthesized from ADP + inorganic phosphate & electrons are transferred to the coenzymes NADH + FADH2 Electrons extracted in glycolysis & Krebs cycle reactions = transferred by NADH & FADH2 to the electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membranE When electrons are transferred between molecules in a sequence of reactions as they pass through the ETC = an electrochemical gradient of protons (hydrogen ions) across the inner mitochondrial membrane is established Fermentation allows glycolysis to proceed in the absence of oxygen & produces organic molecules (including alcohol & lactic acid = as waste products) The conversion of ATP to ADP = releases energy = which is used to power many metabolic processes SYI-3.A = Explain the connection between variation in the number & types of molecules within cells to the ability of the organism to survive and/or reproduce in different environments. Variation at the molecular level = provides organisms with the ability to respond to a variety of environmental stimuli Variation in the number & types of molecules within cells provides organisms a greater ability to survive and/or reproduce in different environments Kk