M2Q2: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons — Vocabulary

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Vocabulary flashcards covering subatomic particles, nucleus, atomic mass unit, elementary charge, atomic number, mass number, isotopes, ions (cations and anions), neutral atoms, ionic charges, and common element groups.

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19 Terms

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Proton

Positively charged subatomic particle located in the nucleus; mass ≈ 1.007 amu; number of protons (Z) defines the element.

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Neutron

Electrically neutral subatomic particle in the nucleus; mass ≈ 1.008 amu; adds to mass but does not change the element.

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Electron

Negatively charged subatomic particle outside the nucleus; mass ≈ 0.0005486 amu; balances charge and drives chemical behavior.

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Nucleus

Dense, positively charged center of an atom containing protons and neutrons.

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Atomic Mass Unit (amu)

Unit of mass for atoms; 1 amu ≈ 1.6605×10^-24 g; roughly the mass of a proton or neutron; 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom.

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Elementary Charge (e)

Magnitude of the electric charge carried by a proton (positive) or electron (negative); e ≈ 1.602×10^-19 coulombs.

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Atomic Number (Z)

Number of protons in the nucleus; determines the element's identity.

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Mass Number (A)

Total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus; A = Z + N.

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Isotope

Atoms of the same element (same Z) with different numbers of neutrons, giving different mass numbers.

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Ion

Charged atom formed when electrons are gained or lost; positive ions are cations, negative ions are anions.

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Cation

Positively charged ion formed when an atom loses electrons.

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Anion

Negatively charged ion formed when an atom gains electrons.

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Neutral Atom

An atom with equal numbers of protons and electrons; no net electric charge.

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Ion Charge

Charge on an ion resulting from loss or gain of electrons; common states include +1, +2, and -1.

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Alkali Metals

Group 1 metals that typically form +1 ions and are highly reactive.

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Alkaline Earth Metals

Group 2 metals that typically form +2 ions.

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Transition Metals

Metals in the d-block with multiple possible oxidation states, often forming +1, +2, or +3 ions.

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Halogens

Group 17 nonmetals that typically form -1 ions when reacting.

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Noble Gases

Group 18 elements that are inert and usually do not form ions; oxidation state effectively 0.