Unit 1 (intro to biochem, protons)

matter

anything that has mass and takes up space

molecule

chemicals made up of 2 or more atoms

organic molecule

biological molecules that contain carbon

its organic if it contains

Carbon

in an ecosystem, matter

cycles and can be reused

In an ecosystem, energy

flows in one direction

Protons

-positive

-center of atom

Neutrons

-neutral

-center of atom

Electrons

-negative

-outside of atom

Atomic number

number of protons

Atomic mass

number of protons an neutrons together

Isotope

atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

Ion

electrically charged atoms

Electron shell or energy level

space where electrons circle around the nucleus

maximum number of electrons the first energy level can contain

1 electron

Maximum number of electrons the 2nd energy level can contain

8 electrons

When are atom most stable

Energy levels are full

Valence electrons

electrons in an elements outermost energy level

How many valence electrons in carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

4, 1, 6

Four most common elements to organisms

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Ability of atoms to combine with other atoms is determined by

valence electrons

Covalent bond

when a pair of electrons are shared between 2 atoms

single bond # of electrons shared

2

Double bond #of electrons shared

2 pairs (4)

Electronegativity

a difference in the ability of the atoms to attract electrons, causing electrons to be shared unequally

Polar covalent

electrons are shared unequally between 2 atoms. The atoms have different electronegativity

Nonpolar covalent

covalent bond where atoms are shared equal

Similar electronegativites

In molecule of h20 why do electron like oxygen more than hydrogen

-oxygen is partial negative and steals it from the hydrogen

Ionic bond

a chemical bond in which 2 ions with opposite electrical charges associate with each other b/c of the differences in charge

Use polar property to describe how h20 dissolves sodium chloride

-hydrogen is partially positive and oxygen is partially negative and when salt is added to the water, opposite charged ends of the water molecules are attracted to the charged ions and pulls them apart

Why is carbon key for living organism

-carbon has the ability to combine with many other elements to form a wide variety of molecules

-makes up the structure of cells

-speeds up chemical reactions

-stores energy for use by the cell

Monomer

a single molecule that can bond chemically with similar molecules in a polymer

Polymer

a large molecule composed of many smaller subunits

Protein

-speed up chemical reactions

-structural support

-organic

-do most of cells work

-amino acids

Nucleic acid

Encoding and transmitting genetic info, dna or rna,

-nucleotides

Carb

-sugar

-organic molecules that stored energy in their chemical bonds

-attached to proteins on the surface of cells

-made up of external layer of cells in plants

-monosaccharides

-ring structure (O in ring, lots of OH groups)

-short term energy storage and structural support

lipid

Organic molecules that are hydrophobic

Fatty acids

Two types of nucleic acids

dna and rna

hydrophobic

Nonpolar, water fearing, doesn’t dissolve in water

Hydrophilic

polar, water loving, dissolves in water

Nonpolar and polar bonds don’t

mix/dissolve

They only dissolve their won

How many molecules do covalent bonds form within

1

Water is

Polar

Hydrogen bonds form between

2 h20 molecules

Hydrocarbons

molecules made of hydrogen and carbon (don’t dissolve in water)

CHONPS

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

Everything that ends in -ose

carb

Monosaccharide

glucose

Polysaccharide

complex carbs

Carb examples and structural support

-starch-plants

-glycogen-animals (liver and muscles)

-cellulose-plant cell walls and good structural support for plants (fiber)

-chiton-fungi cell walls and insect exoskeleton

-all made of glucose!!