Dependant/ independent variables Independent- The variable being manipulated Dependant- The observed result of the independent variable being manipulated 3 Domains Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, Archae 3 Types of Relationships Commensalism Parasitism Mutualism Scientific Hypothesis an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. Difference between Archea/ Bacteria Archaea consists of three RNA whereas bacteria consists of single RNA. Quantitative/ Qualitative data Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and related to language. Homeostasis Balance of the body Controlled Experiment In a controlled experiment, all extraneous variables are held constant so that they can't influence the results. Difference between Hydrophobic/ Hydrophilic Any substance that repels water Any substance that has an affinity for water Protons/ electrons/ neutron Protons- a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge Electrons- a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound). Neutron- an uncharged atomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton and is present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus What a cation/ Anion Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged. Isomers Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule Picture of elements/ what's on valence electrons Valence electrons have negatively charged particles How many valence electrons are in shells 8 electrons What are examples of trace elements? zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo). Different types of Bonds Covalent Bonds- one or more electrons shared between atoms Non-polar covalent: electrons are shared equally between nuclei Polar covalent- electrons shared equally between the nuclei Ionic Bonds- one or more electrons transformed from one to another Hydrogen Bonds- a weak bond between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen atom Cohesion/ Adhesion Cohesion- the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind Adhesion- the sticking of molecules or surfaces to each other Radioactive Isotopes, Why are they used Radioisotopes are an essential part of medical diagnostic procedures. In combination with imaging devices that register the gamma rays emitted from within, they can be used for imaging to study the dynamic processes taking place in various parts of the body. Why is Water Important Water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients. Properties of Water Water is polar Water is a solvent Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid What are reactions a process that converts one or more substances to another substance. .Why are trace elements important? function primarily as catalysts in enzyme systems What are Buffers Substances in the cells that help maintain a relatively stable pH What is the pH scale? a measure of how acidic/basic water is Find the molecular mass of something Atomic weight on the periodic table is equal to moles #/1m = x/ desired # moles Functional groups The shape of molecules directly affects their function Types of atoms, bonds A specific arrangement of atoms Difference between Hydraullisis/ Dehydration Dehydration- removes a water molecule from a new bond Hydrolysis- add a water molecule, breaking a bond Differentiate between Polymers/ Monomers A monomer is a molecule with low molecular weight that can combine with others of the same kind to form a chemical compound known as a polymer Different types of Proteins/ enzymes antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins Difference between plants and animals Plants are not mobile and animals are Cell membrane components Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins

Independent-

The variable being manipulated

Dependant-

The observed result of the independent variable being manipulated

3 Domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Commensalism

one benefits, other doesn’t get anything

Parasitism

one benefits, other gets harmed

Mutualism

both benefit

Scientific Hypothesis

an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world.

Difference between Archea/ Bacteria

Archaea consists of three RNA whereas bacteria consists of single RNA.

Quantitative/

Quantitative data is numbers-based, countable, or measurable

Qualitative data

Qualitative data is interpretation-based, descriptive, and related to language.

Homeostasis

Balance of the body

Controlled Experiment

In a controlled experiment, all extraneous variables are held constant so that they can't influence the results.

Difference between Hydrophobic/ Hydrophilic

Any substance that repels water

Any substance that has an affinity for water

Protons/ electrons/ neutron

Protons- a subatomic particle with a positive electric charge

Electrons- a negatively charged subatomic particle that can be either bound to an atom or free (not bound).

Neutron- an uncharged atomic particle that has a mass nearly equal to that of the proton and is present in all known atomic nuclei except the hydrogen nucleus

What a cation/ Anion

Cations are ions that are positively charged. Anions are ions that are negatively charged.

Isomers

Chemical compounds that have identical chemical formulae but differ in properties and the arrangement of atoms in the molecule

Picture of elements/ what's on valence electrons

Valence electrons have negatively charged particles

How many valence electrons are in shells

8 electrons

What are examples of trace elements?

zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), selenium (Se), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), iodine (I), manganese (Mn), and molybdenum (Mo).

Different types of Bonds

Covalent Bonds- one or more electrons shared between atoms

Non-polar covalent: electrons are shared equally between nuclei

Polar covalent- electrons shared equally between the nuclei

Ionic Bonds- one or more electrons transformed from one to another

Hydrogen Bonds- a weak bond between a partially positive hydrogen atom and a partially negative oxygen atom

Cohesion/ Adhesion

Cohesion- the attraction of molecules for other molecules of the same kind

Adhesion- the sticking of molecules or surfaces to each other

Radioactive Isotopes, Why are they used

Radioisotopes are an essential part of medical diagnostic procedures. In combination with imaging devices that register the gamma rays emitted from within, they can be used for imaging to study the dynamic processes taking place in various parts of the body.

Why is Water Important

Water's role as a solvent helps cells transport and use substances like oxygen or nutrients.

Properties of Water

Water is polar

Water is a solvent

Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid

What are reactions

a process that converts one or more substances to another substance.

.Why are trace elements important?

function primarily as catalysts in enzyme systems

What are Buffers

Substances in the cells that help maintain a relatively stable pH

What is the pH scale?

a measure of how acidic/basic water is

Find the molecular mass of something

Atomic weight on the periodic table is equal to moles

\#/1m \= x/ desired \# moles

Functional groups

The shape of molecules directly affects their function

Types of atoms, bonds

A specific arrangement of atoms

Difference between Hydraullisis/ Dehydration

Dehydration- removes a water molecule from a new bond

Hydrolysis- add a water molecule, breaking a bond

Differentiate between Polymers/ Monomers

A monomer is a molecule with low molecular weight that can combine with others of the same kind to form a chemical compound known as a polymer

Different types of Proteins/ enzymes

antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins

Difference between plants and animals

Plants are not mobile and animals are

Cell membrane components

Phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, lipid bilayer, membrane proteins