Results for "population growth"

2.3 Physical Environment and Population Growth

Gmos and population growths

Chapter 11: Population Growth and Regulation (MODIFIED)

Population, Growth, & the Environment

Chapter 11: Population Growth

CRUDE/BIRTHRATE - The number of children born alive each year per 1,000 population (often shortened to birth rate). DEATH RATE - The yearly number of deaths per 1,000 population. DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION - The phasing-out process of population growth rates from a virtually stagnant growth stage characterized by high birthrates and death rates, through a rapid-growth stage with high birthrates and low death rates, to a stable, low-growth stage in which both birth and death rates are low. DOUBLING TIME - Period that a given population or other q by itauantity takes to increase by its present size. FAMILY-PLANNING PROGRAMS - Public programs designed to help parents plan and regulate their family size in accordance with their ability to support a family. FERTILITY RATE - A population is the average number of children that are born to a woman over her lifetime, if they were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates through their lifetime, and they were to live from birth until the end of their reproductive life. HIDDEN MOMENTUM OF POPULATION GROWTH - A dynamic latent process of population increase that continues even after a fall in birthrates, because of a large youthful population that widens the population's parent base. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH - The number of years newborn children would live if subject to the mortality risks prevailing for the cross section of population at the time of their birth. MALTHUSIAN POPULATION TRAP - An inevitable an inevitable population level envisaged by thomas malthus (1766 1834) at which population increase was bound to stop because after that level, life-sustaining resources, which increase arithmetic rate, would be insufficient to support human population, which increases a geometric rate. MICROECONOMIC THEORY OF FERTILITY - An extension of the theory of consumer behavior of individual couples MORTALITY OR DEATH RATE - Is the proportion of a population who die of a defined cause. NATURAL INCREASE - The difference between the birth rate and death rate of a given population NET INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION - The excess of persons migrating into a country over those who emigrate from that country POPULATION-POVERTY CYCLE - A theory to explain how poverty and high population growth POPULATION PYRAMID - Graphical depiction of the age structure of the population, with age cohort plotted on the vertical axis and numbers of males and females in each cohort on the horizontal axis. RATE OF POPULATION INCREASE - The growth rate of a population, calculated as the natural increase after adjusting for immigration and emigration REPRODUCTIVE CHOICE - Means that women have a right to choose whether or not to reproduce, including the right to decide whether to carry or terminate an unwanted pregnancy and the right to choose their preferred method of family planning and contraception. TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR) - The number of children that would be born to a women if she were live to the end of her childbreaing years and bear children accordance with the prevailing age-specific fertility rates. THE UNDER-5 MORTALITY RATE - Refers to the probability a newborn would die before reaching exactly 5 years of age, expressed per 1,000 live births. YOUTH DEPENDENCY RATIO - The proportion of young people under age 15 to the working population aged 16-64 in a country

Week 2: Density Dependent Population Growth

population growth

Ch 12: Population Growth

Let’s break this down! I’ll give you a study guide covering asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction (in humans and plants), and Mendelian genetics — then I’ll create a test for you. ⸻ Study Guide for Asexual Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, and Mendelian Genetics ⸻ I. Asexual Reproduction • Definition: Involves a single parent, producing offspring genetically identical to the parent (clones). • Types of Asexual Reproduction: • Binary Fission: Simple cell division (e.g., bacteria). • Budding: New organism grows from a bud on the parent (e.g., yeast, hydra). • Fragmentation/Regeneration: Organism splits, and each part grows into a new organism (e.g., starfish). • Vegetative Propagation: New plants grow from parts of the parent plant (e.g., runners in strawberries). • Parthenogenesis: Offspring develop from unfertilized eggs (e.g., some lizards, insects). • Pros and Cons: • Pros: Fast, no need for a mate, energy-efficient. • Cons: No genetic variation, susceptible to environmental changes. ⸻ II. Sexual Reproduction (Humans & Plants) Humans: • Process: • Gametes (sperm and egg) produced by meiosis. • Fertilization forms a zygote (diploid cell). • Male Reproductive System: Testes, epididymis, vas deferens, prostate, urethra, penis. • Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, vagina. • Hormonal Regulation: • Male: Testosterone (sperm production, secondary characteristics). • Female: Estrogen & progesterone (menstrual cycle, pregnancy). Plants: • Process: Alternation of generations (sporophyte & gametophyte stages). • Pollination: Transfer of pollen to stigma. • Fertilization: Sperm (from pollen) fuses with egg in ovule. • Structures: Stamen (male), carpel/pistil (female). • Seed & Fruit Development: Fertilized ovules become seeds; ovary becomes fruit. ⸻ III. Mendelian Genetics • Gregor Mendel’s Experiments: Pea plants, discovered inheritance patterns. • Key Concepts: • Genes & Alleles: Genes determine traits, alleles are gene variants. • Dominant vs. Recessive Alleles: Dominant alleles mask recessive ones. • Homozygous vs. Heterozygous: Same alleles (AA or aa) vs. different alleles (Aa). • Laws of Inheritance: • Law of Segregation: Allele pairs separate during gamete formation. • Law of Independent Assortment: Genes for different traits sort independently. • Genetic Crosses: Punnett squares, monohybrid/dihybrid crosses. • Probability & Ratios: Phenotypic/genotypic ratios. • Non-Mendelian Inheritance: Incomplete dominance, codominance, multiple alleles, polygenic traits, sex-linked traits. ⸻ AP Biology Practice Test Total Questions: 30 (Multiple Choice) Section 1: Asexual Reproduction (6 questions) 1. Which form of asexual reproduction involves an organism splitting into two identical cells? a) Budding b) Fragmentation c) Binary fission d) Parthenogenesis 2. Which organism commonly reproduces through budding? a) Bacteria b) Starfish c) Hydra d) Fern 3. A disadvantage of asexual reproduction is: a) Slow reproduction rate b) High genetic diversity c) Vulnerability to environmental changes d) Requirement of a mate 4. Which plant structure is involved in vegetative propagation? a) Petal b) Stigma c) Runner d) Anther 5. Parthenogenesis involves: a) Fertilized eggs developing into offspring b) Unfertilized eggs developing into offspring c) Fusion of gametes d) Regeneration of lost body parts 6. What is the primary benefit of asexual reproduction in stable environments? a) Genetic variation b) Rapid population growth c) Evolutionary adaptability d) Reduced mutation rates ⸻ Section 2: Sexual Reproduction (8 questions) 7. In humans, fertilization typically occurs in the: a) Uterus b) Vagina c) Ovary d) Fallopian tube 8. The male gamete in plants is contained in the: a) Ovule b) Anther c) Pollen grain d) Stigma 9. Which hormone triggers ovulation? a) Testosterone b) Progesterone c) Luteinizing hormone (LH) d) Estrogen 10. The female gametophyte in flowering plants is the: a) Ovary b) Pollen tube c) Embryo sac d) Sepal 11. Which part of the male reproductive system produces sperm? a) Epididymis b) Vas deferens c) Testes d) Prostate gland 12. The process where pollen is transferred from anther to stigma is: a) Germination b) Pollination c) Fertilization d) Sporulation 13. What structure develops into a seed after fertilization in plants? a) Ovule b) Ovary c) Stamen d) Pistil 14. Which term describes the fusion of egg and sperm to form a zygote? a) Gametogenesis b) Meiosis c) Fertilization d) Pollination ⸻ Section 3: Mendelian Genetics (16 questions) 15. Who is considered the “Father of Genetics”? a) Charles Darwin b) Gregor Mendel c) Rosalind Franklin d) James Watson 16. The physical expression of a trait is called: a) Genotype b) Phenotype c) Allele d) Chromosome 17. An organism with the genotype Aa is: a) Homozygous dominant b) Homozygous recessive c) Heterozygous d) Diploid 18. A Punnett square shows: a) The process of DNA replication b) Possible genetic combinations of offspring c) Chromosome number in gametes d) Evolutionary relationships 19. The expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross is: a) 1:2:1 b) 9:3:3:1 c) 3:1 d) 4:0 20. Which of Mendel’s laws states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation? a) Law of Independent Assortment b) Law of Segregation c) Law of Dominance d) Law of Inheritance 21. Incomplete dominance results in: a) Blended traits b) Both traits expressed equally c) One trait completely masking another d) A 9:3:3:1 ratio 22. A cross between two heterozygous individuals (Aa x Aa) produces what genotypic ratio? a) 3:1 b) 1:2:1 c) 9:3:3:1 d) 2:2 23-30

E.U2: Population Growth

8.1.4 Population Growth

Saving gaps and Population growth

Theories of population growth: Malthus Theory

Population Growth Curves

Chap 11 Population Growth and Regulation

Lab 2: Population Growth and Competition (Celine)

Population Growth

bio lab 2. Population Growth and Competition

bio lab 2. Population Growth and Competition