La Nascita e l'Evoluzione di Roma: Dalla Monarchia alla Repubblica

Semester 2 Finals: Unit 2 - Monarchs of Europe

Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert? C. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the first paragraph? D. Helping the people will strengthen the state Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the second paragraph? Cultivate good relations with your neighbors in case of disputes. Which of the following best summarizes the advice given by Frederick William in the third paragraph? C. Alliances are useful but a state should rely on its own strength The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to B. implement royal policies locally The event shown in the engraving is associated with the development of which of the following forms of government in Europe in the seventeenth century? A. Absolutism The depiction of the scene in the engraving best illustrates which of the following aspects of the French aristocracy under Louis XIV's rule? A. The maintenance of the aristocracy's privileged social position Military operations such as the one shown in the engraving were most strongly supported by which of the following features of Louis XIV's government? B. The creation of a strong centralized system of taxation and state finance Which of the following represents the final defeat of efforts by the Ottoman Empire to acquire large areas of central Europe? d. The siege of Vienna (1683) The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's c. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility The establishment and growth of St. Petersburg during the early eighteenth century was part of Peter the Great's attempt to do which of the following? C. Remake Russian institutions to be as effective as those in Western Europe Which of the following best describes the claim communicated by the artist about the Peace of Westphalia? D. The treaty would lead to a new period of peace and prosperity. The artist's statement that the kings of France, Spain, and the Holy Roman Empire "stand united" most clearly suggests that A. he hoped the Peace of Westphalia would bring the rival Catholic powers back together The presence of Bellona and the statement that "the people are obedient under you, o great Philip" best support the argument that the artist B. wished to portray the Catholic Habsburgs as the victors "Kings are justly called gods for that they exercise a manner or resemblance of Divine power upon Earth." Which of the following was most likely to agree with this statement? B. James I of England The "malicious words" attributed to the accused best illustrate which of the following developments in England in the late seventeenth century? C. The ongoing tensions between Parliament and the Crown over the limits of royal authority. Michael Ferrer's defense best illustrates which of the following? B. The Protestant victory in the Glorious Revolution The outcome of the trial best illustrates which of the following (Michael Ferrer)? A. The protection of the rights of the gentry and aristocracy from monarchical power The cartoon above from sev

České země a Rakouská monarchie v 19. století: Od absolutismu k ústavnosti

Europe Monarchies

The Good Emperors- democratic monarchy

monarchy

Modern Civilizations — Semester 2 Exam Study Guide Exam Date: May 22 Format: Bubble Sheet Questions: 123 total • 50 Vocabulary/Matching • 50 Multiple Choice • 16 Map Skills • 7 Document-Based Questions ⸻ SECTION A — GEOGRAPHY SKILLS Key Vocabulary Cardinal Directions • North • South • East • West Shown on a compass rose. Intermediate Directions • Northeast • Northwest • Southeast • Southwest Latitude Imaginary lines that run east-west and measure distance north or south of the Equator. Longitude Imaginary lines that run north-south and measure distance east or west of the Prime Meridian. Projection A flat map representation of Earth. Scale Shows distance on a map. Distortion When map shapes, sizes, or distances are changed because Earth is round. ⸻ 5 Themes of Geography 1. Location Where a place is. 2. Place What a place is like. 3. Movement How people, goods, and ideas move. 4. Region An area with common features. 5. Human-Environment Interaction How people affect and adapt to the environment. ⸻ Continents & Oceans 7 Continents • North America • South America • Europe • Asia • Africa • Australia • Antarctica 5 Oceans • Pacific • Atlantic • Indian • Arctic • Southern ⸻ CHAPTER 23 — SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION & AGE OF EXPLORATION Section 1 — Scientific Revolution Key Vocabulary Geocentric Theory Earth is the center of the universe. Heliocentric Theory The sun is the center of the solar system. Elliptical Oval-shaped planetary orbits. Scientific Method Organized process of observation, testing, and experimentation. Scientific Rationalism Using reason and logic to understand the world. ⸻ Important People Galileo Galilei Used a telescope to support heliocentric theory. Isaac Newton Developed laws of motion and gravity. Nicolaus Copernicus Proposed heliocentric theory. René Descartes Believed truth comes through reason. Robert Hooke Studied cells using microscopes. Sir Francis Bacon Promoted experimentation and observation. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Educational ideas Muslim scholars adopted from India • Mathematics • Astronomy • Number system (including zero) How were cells discovered? Scientists used microscopes to observe tiny living structures. Who led the study of cells? Robert Hooke ⸻ Section 2 — The Age of Exploration Key Vocabulary Caravel Fast, maneuverable sailing ship used by explorers. Colony Land controlled by another country. Exploit To use resources for benefit or profit. Quinine Medicine used against malaria. Rivalry Competition between nations. Smallpox Deadly disease spread to Native Americans. ⸻ Important People & Places Christopher Columbus Sailed for Spain and reached the Americas in 1492. Columbian Exchange Transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and ideas between Europe and the Americas. Dutch East India Company Controlled trade in Asia. Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile Sponsored Columbus’s voyage. Prince Henry the Navigator Encouraged Portuguese exploration. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who was Prince Henry the Navigator? A Portuguese prince who funded exploration schools, maps, and voyages. Why was the Caravel important? • Faster ship • Easier to steer • Could sail against the wind • Allowed longer ocean voyages ⸻ Section 3 — European Empires Key Vocabulary Conquistador Spanish conqueror in the Americas. Plantation Large farm using forced labor. Racism Belief that one race is superior. Triangular Trade Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Middle Passage Brutal voyage transporting enslaved Africans to the Americas. ⸻ Important People & Places Atahualpa Last Inca emperor defeated by Spain. Francisco Pizarro Conquered the Inca Empire. Hernán Cortés Conquered the Aztec Empire. Pedro Álvares Cabral Claimed Brazil for Portugal. Tenochtitlan Capital of the Aztec Empire. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Describe the invasion of Mexico • Hernán Cortés led Spanish conquistadors. • The Aztecs were led by Montezuma. • Spanish had guns, horses, steel weapons, and Native allies. • Smallpox weakened the Aztecs. Conditions of the Middle Passage • Crowded ships • Disease • Starvation • Abuse and death Achievements of Portugal • Explored African coast • Opened sea routes to Asia • Built trading empire ⸻ CHAPTER 24 — ENLIGHTENMENT & REVOLUTIONS Section 1 — The Age of Reason Key Vocabulary Absolute Monarch King or queen with total power. Divine Right Belief that rulers receive power from God. Natural Rights Basic rights all people are born with. Enlightened Despot Ruler who accepted Enlightenment ideas. Laissez-faire Government should not interfere in economy. Free Enterprise Businesses operate with little government control. Philosophe French Enlightenment thinker. ⸻ Important People John Locke Believed people have natural rights. Montesquieu Supported separation of powers. Voltaire Supported freedom of speech and religion. Jean-Jacques Rousseau Believed government should follow the will of the people. Mary Wollstonecraft Supported women’s rights and education. Adam Smith Wrote about free-market economics. Louis XIV Example of an absolute monarch. Catherine the Great Enlightened despot of Russia. Frederick the Great Enlightened ruler. Joseph II Made reforms based on Enlightenment ideas. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What group applied science ideas to government? The philosophes. Why did philosophes think justice systems were unfair? Punishments were cruel and laws treated social classes unequally. ⸻ Section 2 — Revolutions on Three Continents Key Vocabulary Bourgeoisie Middle class. Jacobins Radical French Revolution group. Declaration of Independence American colonies’ statement of freedom from Britain. Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen French document declaring equality and rights. ⸻ Important People Thomas Jefferson Main writer of the Declaration of Independence. Louis XVI French king executed during the Revolution. Napoleon Bonaparte Rose to power after the French Revolution. Simón Bolívar Helped liberate Venezuela and other nations. José de San Martín Helped free South American countries from Spain. Toussaint Louverture Led Haitian independence movement. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Who fought for Venezuela’s independence? Simón Bolívar Why were the Articles of Confederation replaced? The national government was too weak. ⸻ CHAPTER 25 — INDUSTRIALIZATION, NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM Section 1 — Industrial Revolution Key Vocabulary Industrialize Develop factories and machines. Urbanization Growth of cities. Labor Union Workers organized for better conditions. Push-Pull Factor Reasons people leave or move to places. Socialism Government control of economy to help society. Communism Classless society where property is shared. Woman Suffrage Women’s right to vote. ⸻ Important People Eli Whitney Invented the cotton gin. Karl Marx Created communist ideas. Ellis Island Main immigration station in the U.S. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Three ways Industrial Revolution changed society • More factories • Urbanization • Faster transportation • More goods produced • Growth of middle class Push factors affecting immigration • Poverty • Famine • War • Lack of jobs ⸻ Section 2 — Nationalism Around the World Key Vocabulary Nationalism Strong pride and loyalty to one’s nation. Nation-State Country with one national identity. Militarism Building up armed forces. Republic Government where citizens elect leaders. Dictator Leader with total control. ⸻ Important People Otto von Bismarck Unified Germany under Prussian leadership. Giuseppe Garibaldi Helped unify Italy. Meiji Emperor Led modernization of Japan. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Problems after Latin American independence • Political instability • Weak economies • Dictatorships • Social inequality Who unified Germany? Otto von Bismarck How did the Meiji Restoration transform Japan? • Modern industry • Modern military • Western education and technology ⸻ Section 3 — The New Imperialism Key Vocabulary Imperialism Strong nations taking control of weaker regions. Direct Rule Foreign country controls government directly. Missionary Person spreading religion. Sepoy Indian soldier serving Britain. Raj British rule in India. ⸻ Important Places & Events Berlin Conference European nations divided Africa. East India Company Controlled trade and territory in India. French Indochina French-controlled region in Asia. ⸻ CHAPTER 26 — WORLD AT WAR Section 1 — World at War Key Vocabulary Alliance Agreement between countries for support. Stalemate No side can win. Trench Warfare Fighting from dug trenches. U-boat German submarine. Bolsheviks Russian revolutionary communist group. Treaty of Versailles Treaty ending WWI. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy. Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia. League of Nations International peace organization after WWI. ⸻ Important People Vladimir Lenin Leader of Bolsheviks. Karl Marx Inspired communist beliefs. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts What triggered WWI? Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. Immediate effect of WWI on Russia Economic hardship and revolution. Why was WWI a total war? Entire economies and civilians supported the war effort. How did Bolsheviks change Russia’s war policy? Russia withdrew from WWI. Trench warfare resulted from what technology? Machine guns and modern artillery. ⸻ Section 2 — Between the Wars Key Vocabulary Fascism Dictatorship emphasizing nationalism and obedience. Propaganda Biased information used to influence people. Reparations Payments for war damages. Totalitarian Government with total control. Inflation Rising prices and weaker money value. ⸻ Important People Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Benito Mussolini Leader of Fascist Italy. Franklin D. Roosevelt Led U.S. during Great Depression and WWII. Joseph Stalin Communist dictator of USSR. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Conditions caused by Great Depression • Unemployment • Poverty • Bank failures • Economic collapse What kind of dictatorships did Hitler and Mussolini create? Fascist dictatorships. ⸻ Section 3 — World War II Key Vocabulary Appeasement Giving in to avoid conflict. Blitzkrieg “Lightning war” using fast attacks. Genocide Deliberate killing of a people group. Holocaust Murder of six million Jews during WWII. Ration Limit supplies during wartime. Atomic Bomb Extremely powerful nuclear weapon. ⸻ Important Places & People Pearl Harbor Japanese attack brought U.S. into WWII. Hiroshima First atomic bomb dropped. Nagasaki Second atomic bomb dropped. Winston Churchill Led Britain during WWII. ⸻ Comprehension & Concepts Which event broke German defenses in the west? D-Day invasion (Normandy invasion)

How did Finance show that England had truly become a constitutional monarchy?

How did Politics show that England had truly become a constitutional monarchy?

Absolutist Monarchs and their extent of power

Monarch Spanish 1- Cuba

AP EURO monarchs

James' views on monarchy and his relations with Parliament

La Monarchia

17th Century European History: Climate, War, Monarchies & Reforms

THEME 1: MONARCHY AND GOVERNMENT 1509-88

need to really master Units 7–9 for AP World. I’m going to go section-by-section and, for each major topic, give you: * Causes * Key developments * Effects * Continuities & Changes ( CCOT) This is essentially how AP graders want you to think. ⸻ 🌍 UNIT 7: GLOBAL CONFLICT (1900–1945) ⸻ ⚔️ World War I Causes * Long-term: * Militarism (arms race, war glorification) * Alliance system → chain reaction * Imperial rivalries (especially in Africa) * Nationalism (esp. Balkans) * Immediate: * Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand ⸻ Key Developments * Trench warfare → stalemate * Total war → governments control industry, food, labor * New weapons: gas, machine guns, tanks ⸻ Effects * Collapse of empires (Ottoman, Russian, Austro-Hungarian, German) * Treaty of Treaty of Versailles * Harsh penalties on Germany * Redrawing of borders (Middle East instability begins) * League of Nations (fails later) ⸻ Continuities & Changes Continuities * European dominance still strong (but weakening) * Nationalism continues to drive conflict Changes * Warfare becomes industrialized & more deadly * Civilians become direct targets (total war) * U.S. emerges as global power ⸻ Causation Chain WWI → harsh peace → economic instability → rise of extremism → WWII ⸻ 🔴 Russian Revolution Causes * Inequality under Nicholas II * Military failures in WWI * Food shortages ⸻ Key Developments * Bolsheviks led by Vladimir Lenin seize power * Civil war → Red Army wins * Formation of USSR ⸻ Effects * Spread of communism globally * Fear of communism in capitalist countries * One-party authoritarian state ⸻ Continuities & Changes Continuities * Authoritarian rule (tsar → communist dictatorship) Changes * Shift from monarchy → communism * State-controlled economy replaces capitalism ⸻ 📉 Great Depression Causes * Stock market crash (1929) * Overproduction * Global economic interdependence ⸻ Effects * Massive unemployment worldwide * Collapse of global trade * Rise of extremist leaders ⸻ Continuities & Changes Continuities * Global economic inequality persists Changes * Governments take bigger role in economies (welfare, regulation) ⸻ Causation Depression → desperation → rise of dictators ⸻ 🧨 Rise of Authoritarianism Key Leaders * Adolf Hitler * Benito Mussolini * Joseph Stalin ⸻ Causes * Economic instability * Weak democracies * National humiliation (Germany esp.) ⸻ Key Features * Propaganda * Militarism * Suppression of dissent * Expansionism ⸻ Effects * Human rights abuses * Aggressive foreign policy → WWII ⸻ Continuities & Changes Continuities * Authoritarian rule still common globally Changes * Use of mass propaganda and modern tech to control people ⸻ 🌎 World War II Causes * Treaty of Versailles resentment * Expansion (Germany, Japan, Italy) * Appeasement failure ⸻ Key Developments * Blitzkrieg warfare * Holocaust * Atomic bombs ⸻ Effects * ~70 million deaths * Creation of United Nations * U.S. & USSR become superpowers ⸻ Continuities & Changes Continuities * War still central to global politics Changes * Nuclear weapons introduced * Decolonization begins * Europe declines in power ⸻ ⸻ ❄️ UNIT 8: COLD WAR & DECOLONIZATION ⸻ 🧊 Cold War Causes * Ideological conflict: * Capitalism (U.S

Monarchies #2

Monarch Spanish 1