tata SuryaKumpulan dari benda-benda langit dengan matahri sebagai pusat yang dikelilingi oleh planet, meteoroid, asteroid dan komet disebut ... a. luar angkasa b. bintang-bintang c. tata surya d. galaksi Asteroid merupakan salah satu benda langit dalam tata surya yang beredar di antara planet ... a. venus dan bumi b. mars dan yupiter c. bumi dan mars d. yupiter dan saturnus Perhatikan pernyataan berikut ini 1 1. mempunyai cincin indah 2. planet terkecil 3. planet keempat dalam tata surya 4. termasuk planet jovian Ciri-ciri yang dimiliki oleh planet mars ditunjukan oleh nomor ... a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 Benda langit yang mengelilingi matahari dengan orbit yang sangat lonjong disebut ... a. planet b. komet c. meteoroid d. asteroid Pernyataan berikut ini yang merupakan ciri-ciri dari venus adalah ... planet terkecil terlihat paling terang daripada planet lainnya mempunyai cincin yang indah temasuk planet jovian Pernyataan berikut ini yang disebabkan oleh rotasi bumi kecuali ... a. bentuk bumi pepat dibagian kutub b. rasi bintang yang berbeda-beda c. terjadinya siang dan malam d. pembelokan arah angin Bumi melakukan gerakan rotasi dan juga revolusi. Arah gerakan tersebut dari ... barat ke timur b. timur ke barat c. selatan ke utara d. utara ke selatan Waktu rotasi dan revolusi bulan sama, hal ini menyebabkan terjadinya ... gerhana bulan permukaan bulan yang telihat dari bumi selalu sama bulan mengelilingi bumi tiap 29 hari terbentuknya kalender komariyah Meteoroid yang memasuki atmosfer bumi tampak bepijar karena ... bertumbukan dengan benda lain b. bergesekan dengan atmosfer bumi c. menyerap panas sinar matahari d. mengeluarkan cahaya sendiri Bulan merupakan satu-satunya satelit bumi. Bulan melakukan tiga gerakan sekaligus yaitu ... a. Rotasi , revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari b. Rotasi, revolusi ke mars, dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari c. revolusi ke mars, revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan bumi berevolusi ke matahari d. Rotasi , revolusi ke bumi dan bersama-sam dengan mars berevolusi ke matahari Berikut ini yang termasuk planet terestrial kecuali ... bumi b. mars c. merkurius d. neptunus Planet merupakn benda langit yang tidak dapat memancarkan cahaya sendiri, berikut ini yang termasuk planet jovian kecuali ... jupiter b. venus c. uranus d. saturnur Susunan planet berikut ini dimulai dari yang paling dekat dari matahari sampai yang terjauh yaitu … merkurius, venus, bumi, mars, jupiter, saturnus, uranus, neptunus merkurius, venus, bumi, mars, jupiter, uranus,saturnus, neptunus neptunus, saturnus, uranus, jupiter, mars, bumi, venus, merkurius neptunus, saturnus, uranus, jupiter, bumi, mars, venus, merkurius Bumi tidak seperti bola akan tetapi pepat dikedua kutubnya, hal ini disebabkan oleh ... rotasi bumi b. revolusi bumi c. rotasi bulan d. revolusi bulan 15. Planet yang mendapatkan bintang pagi, bintang kejora atau bintang timur yaitu ... a. venus b. mars c. saturnus d. neptunus 16. Benda langit seperti planet yang berukuran relatif kecil dan beredar diantara orbit mars dan jupiter adalah ... a. asteroid b. meteoroid c. meteorit d. komet 17. Pernyataan berikut yang menunjukan peristiwa terjadinya gerhana matahari total yaitu ... a. bumi memasuki daerah umbra bulan b. bulan memasuki daerah umbra bumi c. bumi terletak diantara bulan dan matahari d. matahari memasuki umbra bulan 18. Planet dalam tata surya beredar mengelilingi matahari dengan orbit tetap karena ... a. gaya gravitasi matahari lebih besar dari gaya gravitasi planet b. gaya gravitasi matahari lebih kecil dari gaya gravitasi planet c. gaya gravitasi matahari sama dari gaya gravitasi planet d. gaya gravitasi matahari tidak lebih besar dari gaya gravitasi planet 19. Pernyataan berikut ini yang disebabkan oleh revolusi bumi kecuali ... a. Pergantian musim b. gerak semu harian matahari c. perubahan rasi bintang d. pananggalan kalender masehi 20. Pengelompokkan berdasarkan ukuran dan komposisi zat pembentuknya dibagi menjadi dua yaitu Planet Inferior dan Superior Planet Dalam dan Luar Planet Inferior dan Luar Planet Terestrial dan Jovian 21.Benda langit yang memasuki atmosfer bumi dan terbakar habis di atomsfer disebut Meteor Meteoroid Meteorit Bintang jatuh Gerakan perputaran bumi terhadap porosnya disebut Rotasi Revolusi Rotasi dan Revolusi Semua benar Gerhana Matahari cincin terjadi saat Bumi yang menutupi Matahari berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bulan Bulan yang menutupi Matahari berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bumi Matahari yang menutupi Bumi berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bulan Matahari yang menutupi Bulan berada pada titik terjauhnya dari Bumi Faktor yang menyebabkan planet Merkurisus, Venus, Bumi, dan Mars disebut sebagai planet terestrial adalah... adanya tanda-tanda kehidupan di planet-planet tersebut planet-planet ini tersusun atas bebatuan adanya atmosfer yang melingkupi planet-planet tersebut planet-planet ini berada di dalam wilayah sabuk asteroid Planet-planet yang berukuran besar dan komposisinya penyusunnya dari es dan gas hidrogen disebut kelompok.. planet luar b. planet dalam c. planet terestrial d. planet jovian 26. Perhatikan pernyataan-pernyataan berikut 1. Terkenal dengan cincinnya 2. Dihuni oleh mahluk hidup 3. Mempunyai satu satelit 4. Berwarna kemerah-merahan Pernyataan di atas yang termasuk ciri-ciri planet Bumi adalah... a. 1) dan 2) b. 1) dan 3) c. 2) dan 3) d. 3) dan 4) 27. berikut merupakan lapisan matahari, kecuali … Fotosfer Kromosfer Korona Atmosfer Pehratikan pernyataan mengenai benda langit berikut! Mempunyai ekor yang menjauhi matahari Melakukan 3 gerakan sekaligus Orbitnya ellips dan sangat lonjong Materinya terdiri besi dan nikel Pernyataan yang benar mengenai komet adalah … 1 dan 2 1 dan 3 2 dan 3 2 dan 4 Perhatikan peristiwa berikut! Indonesia memiliki 3 daerah waktu WIB,WITA dan WIT Belahan bumi tertentu mengalami siang dan malam Pergantian musim di belahan bumi utara dan selatan Perbedaan lamanya siang dan malam Peristiwa tersebut yang diakibatkan rotasi bumi ditunjukkan nomor .. 1 dan 2 1 dan 3 2 dan 4 3 dan 4 Perhatikan gambar berikut! Gambar tersebut menunjukkan peristiwa ….

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Earth Science, Space & Chemistry Study Guide Glaciers 1. What are the two main types of glaciers? Mountain (alpine) Continental 2. What shape is a glacier-carved valley? U-shaped 3. What conditions are needed for glaciers to form? Cold summers Heavy snowfall Snow does not fully melt 4. Why are glaciers important? Store freshwater Shape land Affect climate Earth’s Layers & Plate Tectonics 5. What is the thinnest layer of Earth? Crust 6. What are the three main layers of Earth? Crust Mantle Core 7. What is plate tectonics? Earth’s crust is made of moving plates 8. What are the three plate boundaries? Divergent Convergent Transform Memory Trick Divergent = divide Convergent = collide Transform = slide past 9. What causes earthquakes? Movement of tectonic plates 10. What is an aftershock? Smaller earthquake after a major one 11. What is a fault? Crack in Earth where movement happens Rocks, Volcanoes & Erosion 12. Which rock forms when magma or lava cools? Igneous rock 13. What are the three rock types? Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic Memory Trick Igneous = fire Sedimentary = layers Metamorphic = changed by heat and pressure 14. What is the difference between magma and lava? Magma = underground Lava = surface 15. What are the three volcano activity levels? Active Dormant Extinct 16. What are the three volcano shapes? Shield Composite Cinder cone 17. What is weathering? Breaking down rock 18. What is erosion? Movement of dirt and rocks by water, wind, ice, or gravity 19. What is mechanical weathering? Physical breaking of rock 20. What is chemical weathering? Rock changes chemically 21. What is terracing? Flat steps cut into hillsides to reduce erosion Caves 22. What is the most common type of cave? Solution cave 23. Difference between stalactites and stalagmites Stalactites hang from the ceiling Stalagmites grow from the floor Memory Trick Stalactites hold “tight” to the ceiling Stalagmites “might” reach the ceiling Important Earth Science Terms 24. What is uniformitarianism? Natural processes today worked the same in the past 25. Difference between soil and dirt Soil has nutrients and supports life 26. What is elevation? Height above sea level 27. How deep have scientists explored into Earth? Only partway through Earth’s crust Atmosphere, Weather & Climate 28. Layers of the atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere Exosphere Memory Trick The Sky Makes Tiny Explosions 29. What causes seasons? Earth’s tilted axis 30. Difference between weather and climate Weather = short-term conditions Climate = long-term average weather 31. What causes tides? Gravity from the moon and sun Fossils & Resources 32. Types of fossils Mold Cast Trace fossils 33. Renewable vs nonrenewable resources Renewable = naturally replaced Nonrenewable = limited supply Space Unit Solar System 34. Planets in order from the Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Memory Trick My Very Educated Mother Just Served Us Nachos 35. What is the hottest planet? Venus 36. Largest planet Jupiter 37. Smallest planet Mercury 38. Planet that rotates on its side Uranus 39. Inner planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars 40. Outer planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune 41. Gas giants Jupiter Saturn 42. Ice giants Uranus Neptune 43. Why is Pluto not considered a planet? It has not cleared its orbit 44. What keeps planets in orbit? Gravity 45. Rotation vs revolution Rotation = spinning Revolution = orbiting Space Objects 46. Asteroid Rock in space 47. Meteor Streak of light in atmosphere 48. Meteorite Meteor that hits Earth 49. Comet Ice and dust object with a tail Space Exploration 50. NASA program that put humans on the moon Apollo Program 51. First man on the moon Neil Armstrong 52. Space shuttle that exploded Challenger Sun & Stars 53. Two elements that make up most of the sun Hydrogen Helium 54. What are sunspots? Cooler, darker spots on the sun 55. Surface temperature of the sun About 11,000°F 56. Type of energy from the sun Electromagnetic energy 57. How long sunlight takes to reach Earth About 8 minutes 20 seconds 58. Brightness of a star depends on Distance from Earth Amount of light it gives off 59. Supernova Exploding star 60. Nova Temporary brightening of a star 61. Nebula Cloud of dust and gas in space 62. Plasma Material the sun is made of Moon & Eclipses 63. Solar eclipse Moon blocks sunlight from reaching Earth 64. Why the moon has many craters Almost no atmosphere to burn up meteors 65. Why we only see one side of the moon Moon rotates and revolves at the same speed 66. Moon phases to know New Moon Waxing Crescent Full Moon Waning Gibbous Last Quarter Shortcut New → Waxing → Full → Waning Space Vocabulary 67. Milky Way Our galaxy 68. Astronomy Study of space 69. Light-year Distance light travels in one year 70. Constellation Group of stars forming a pattern 71. Most common galaxy shape Elliptical galaxy Chemistry Basics 72. What is an ion? Atom that gains or loses electrons and becomes charged 73. Ionic bond Electrons transferred between atoms Metal + nonmetal 74. Covalent bond Atoms share electrons Nonmetal + nonmetal 75. Metallic bond Metals bonded with freely moving electrons Metal + metal 76. Valence electrons Electrons in the outer energy level 77. Atomic number Number of protons 78. Exothermic reaction Reaction that releases energy 79. What metals usually do with electrons Lose electrons easily 80. Sulfur’s atomic number 16 81. Carbon valence electrons 4 82. Protons in arsenic 33 Parts of an Atom 83. Proton Positive charge 84. Neutron Neutral charge 85. Electron Negative charge 86. Where particles are found Protons & neutrons = nucleus Electrons = electron cloud Periodic Table 87. Groups/Families Vertical columns Same valence electrons 88. Periods Horizontal rows Same number of energy levels Metals 89. Six characteristics of metals Shiny/lustrous Solid at room temperature Malleable Ductile Conduct heat/electricity Reactive Noble Gases 90. Why are noble gases nonreactive? Full valence electron shell Other Chemistry Terms 91. Electronegativity Ability of an atom to attract electrons 92. Free electron model Electrons move freely through metals 93. First law of thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed 94. Reactants Starting substances in a reaction 95. Products New substances formed Acids & Bases 96. pH scale 0–6 = acidic 7 = neutral 8–14 = basic Nutrition 97. Three macronutrients Carbohydrates Fats Proteins Examples Carbs = bread/pasta Fats = avocado/nuts Proteins = meat/beans 98

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Enlightenment & Revolutions - Chapter 21 Study Guide Key Vocabulary 1 philosopher - person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker 1 geocentric - Earth-centered - everything revolves around the Earth 1 sphere - shape of heavenly objects 1 heliocentric - sun-centered - everything revolves around the sun - moon revolves around the earth 1 universal law of gravitation - one of Newton’s three rules of motion - force of gravity exists between all objects in space 1 rationalism - system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge 1 scientific method - systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence 1 inductive reasoning - type of thinking in which scientists proceed from observation and experimentation(particular thinking) to develop general conclusions 2 philosophe - French term for philosopher - applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment 2 separation of powers - form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of check and balances 2 deism - 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and Natural law 2 laissez-faire - let the people do what they want - government stays out of the economy 2 generation - group of people born and living at the same time 2 social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community 2 arbitrary - at one’s discretion, random 2 salons - elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, aristocrats, government officials, wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes 2 rococo - artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s - highly secular, emphasizing charm, grace, gentle action 3 enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers 4 federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments 4 amendment - an alteration (change) proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Key People 1 Ptolemy - greatest ancient astronomer - lived in AD 100s - idea of geocentric heavenly bodies 1 Nicolaus Copernicus - mathematician - idea of heliocentric universe 1 Johannes Kepler - mathematician - developed laws of planetary motion - elliptical 1 Galileo Galilei - mathematician - used telescopes to observe the universe - mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter - planets were not orbs of light - Catholic Church criticized him for moving away from traditional view of people at the center of the universe 1 Isaac Newton - mathematician - greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution - explained laws of motion - gravity 1 Galen - Greek physician in the AD 100s who dissected animals to learn about human anatomy 1 Andres Vesalius - physician in 16th century who dissected humans to study anatomy - organs 1 William Harvey - physician in the 16th century who discovered the heart was the beginning of blood circulation 1 Blaise Pascal - French scientist who discovered how liquids behaved under pressure - syringe 1 Robert Boyle - chemist who studied how pressure affected the volume of gas 1 Margaret Cavendish - philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes (written works) 1 Maria Winkelmann - most famous female astronomer in Germany - discovered a comet 1 Rene Descartes - “father of modern rationalism” - French philosopher who determined that mind and matter are completely separated 1 Francis Bacon - English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method 2 John Locke - Englishman who believed everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by their experience, their surroundings 2 Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) - French noble - developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful 2 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) - greatest figure of the Enlightenment - criticized christianity - championed the idea of deism - philosophy based on reason and natural law (followed the idea of Newton’s world machine explanation) 2 Denis Diderot - French writer who wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge the general way of thinking - discussed religious superstitions and supported religious toleration - called for social, legal, political reforms Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez-faire - gave government 3 duties 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment - developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people - all forced to abide by it) 2 Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer who championed women’s right in the Enlightenment 2 Henry Fielding - English writer who wrote novels about people Without morals who survive by their wits 2 John Wesley - developed a new religious movement in England (methodism) - idea of conversion which led to doing good works 2 Balthasar Neumann - one of the greatest 18th century architects 2 Antoine Watteau - artist who used the rococo artistic style 2 Franz Joseph Haydn - Enlightenment musical composer - spent time directing music for the wealthy 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - child prodigy - seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn. 3 Frederick William I - Prussian king who maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army during his tenure 3 Frederick II Frederick the Great - best educated monarch - increased the size of the army - used Enlightenment ideas to make some changes to torture procedures and limited freedom of speech and press but kept the rigid serfdom and social structure 3 Empress Maria Theresa - Austrian empress who inherited the throne and worked to improve the condition of the serfs - strengthened the state and centralized its governance. 3 Joseph II - son of Maria Theresa - made widespread changes breason - freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law and enacted religious reforms - - His successors undid his changes. 3 Catherine II - Catherine the Great - ruled russisa - halted Rural reform and serfdom was expanded - expanded the territory of Russia - did not undertake Enlightenment ideas - just talked about them Important concepts 3 The Seven Years’ War - global war fought from 1756-1763 - France allies with Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia - war was fought in 3 locations (Europe,India,North America) - In the end, all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except Silesia - Austria recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. 4 British - term that came to refer to both the English and the Scots The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in1707 1 Scientific Revolution - a period of European history in which scien and technological changes helped make advancements in European culture. However, this time period also reflected a change in the way that Europeans viewed themselves

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