Enlightenment & Revolutions - Chapter 21 Study Guide Key Vocabulary 1 philosopher - person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker 1 geocentric - Earth-centered - everything revolves around the Earth 1 sphere - shape of heavenly objects 1 heliocentric - sun-centered - everything revolves around the sun - moon revolves around the earth 1 universal law of gravitation - one of Newton’s three rules of motion - force of gravity exists between all objects in space 1 rationalism - system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge 1 scientific method - systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence 1 inductive reasoning - type of thinking in which scientists proceed from observation and experimentation(particular thinking) to develop general conclusions 2 philosophe - French term for philosopher - applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment 2 separation of powers - form of government in which the branches of government limit and control each other through a system of check and balances 2 deism - 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and Natural law 2 laissez-faire - let the people do what they want - government stays out of the economy 2 generation - group of people born and living at the same time 2 social contract - entire society agrees to be governed by its general will and all individuals should be forced to abide by it since it represents what is best for the entire community 2 arbitrary - at one’s discretion, random 2 salons - elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, aristocrats, government officials, wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes 2 rococo - artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s - highly secular, emphasizing charm, grace, gentle action 3 enlightened absolutism - a system in which rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their full royal powers 4 federal system - a form of government in which power is shared between the national and state governments 4 amendment - an alteration (change) proposed or effected by parliamentary or constitutional procedure Key People 1 Ptolemy - greatest ancient astronomer - lived in AD 100s - idea of geocentric heavenly bodies 1 Nicolaus Copernicus - mathematician - idea of heliocentric universe 1 Johannes Kepler - mathematician - developed laws of planetary motion - elliptical 1 Galileo Galilei - mathematician - used telescopes to observe the universe - mountains on the moon, moons around Jupiter - planets were not orbs of light - Catholic Church criticized him for moving away from traditional view of people at the center of the universe 1 Isaac Newton - mathematician - greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution - explained laws of motion - gravity 1 Galen - Greek physician in the AD 100s who dissected animals to learn about human anatomy 1 Andres Vesalius - physician in 16th century who dissected humans to study anatomy - organs 1 William Harvey - physician in the 16th century who discovered the heart was the beginning of blood circulation 1 Blaise Pascal - French scientist who discovered how liquids behaved under pressure - syringe 1 Robert Boyle - chemist who studied how pressure affected the volume of gas 1 Margaret Cavendish - philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes (written works) 1 Maria Winkelmann - most famous female astronomer in Germany - discovered a comet 1 Rene Descartes - “father of modern rationalism” - French philosopher who determined that mind and matter are completely separated 1 Francis Bacon - English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method 2 John Locke - Englishman who believed everyone was born with a blank mind and that people were molded by their experience, their surroundings 2 Charles-Louis de Secondat, the baron of Montesquieu (Montesquieu) - French noble - developed the idea of separation of powers in government using a system of checks and balances to prevent any one group from becoming too powerful 2 Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire) - greatest figure of the Enlightenment - criticized christianity - championed the idea of deism - philosophy based on reason and natural law (followed the idea of Newton’s world machine explanation) 2 Denis Diderot - French writer who wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge the general way of thinking - discussed religious superstitions and supported religious toleration - called for social, legal, political reforms Adam Smith - Scottish philosopher who promoted the concept of laissez-faire - gave government 3 duties 2 Jean-Jacques Rousseau - most famous philosopher of the Enlightenment - developed the idea of a social contract (society governed by the will of the people - all forced to abide by it) 2 Mary Wollstonecraft - English writer who championed women’s right in the Enlightenment 2 Henry Fielding - English writer who wrote novels about people Without morals who survive by their wits 2 John Wesley - developed a new religious movement in England (methodism) - idea of conversion which led to doing good works 2 Balthasar Neumann - one of the greatest 18th century architects 2 Antoine Watteau - artist who used the rococo artistic style 2 Franz Joseph Haydn - Enlightenment musical composer - spent time directing music for the wealthy 2 Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - child prodigy - seen as the greatest composer known to Haydn. 3 Frederick William I - Prussian king who maintained a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service workers and doubled the size of the army during his tenure 3 Frederick II Frederick the Great - best educated monarch - increased the size of the army - used Enlightenment ideas to make some changes to torture procedures and limited freedom of speech and press but kept the rigid serfdom and social structure 3 Empress Maria Theresa - Austrian empress who inherited the throne and worked to improve the condition of the serfs - strengthened the state and centralized its governance. 3 Joseph II - son of Maria Theresa - made widespread changes breason - freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, established equality of all before the law and enacted religious reforms - - His successors undid his changes. 3 Catherine II - Catherine the Great - ruled russisa - halted Rural reform and serfdom was expanded - expanded the territory of Russia - did not undertake Enlightenment ideas - just talked about them Important concepts 3 The Seven Years’ War - global war fought from 1756-1763 - France allies with Austria and Russia against Britain and Prussia - war was fought in 3 locations (Europe,India,North America) - In the end, all occupied territories were returned to their original owners except Silesia - Austria recognized Prussia’s permanent control of Silesia. 4 British - term that came to refer to both the English and the Scots The United Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence in1707 1 Scientific Revolution - a period of European history in which scien and technological changes helped make advancements in European culture. However, this time period also reflected a change in the way that Europeans viewed themselves

What is the definition of a philosopher?

A person who seeks wisdom or enlightenment; a scholar or thinker.

What does geocentric mean?

Earth-centered; everything revolves around the Earth.

What is a sphere in the context of astronomy?

The shape of heavenly objects.

What does heliocentric mean?

Sun-centered; everything revolves around the sun, while the moon revolves around the Earth.

What is the universal law of gravitation?

One of Newton’s three rules of motion; the force of gravity exists between all objects in space.

What is rationalism?

A system of thought based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence.

What is inductive reasoning?

A type of thinking where scientists develop general conclusions from observation and experimentation.

What does the term 'philosophe' refer to?

A French term for philosopher, applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment.

What is the separation of powers?

A form of government in which branches limit and control each other through a system of checks and balances.

What is deism?

An 18th century religious philosophy based on reason and natural law.

What does laissez-faire mean?

Let the people do what they want; government stays out of the economy.

What is meant by a generation?

A group of people born and living at the same time.

What is a social contract?

An agreement where society agrees to be governed by its general will and individuals must abide by it.

What does 'arbitrary' mean?

At one’s discretion; random.

What are salons?

Elegant drawing rooms where artists, writers, and intellectuals gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes.

What is rococo?

An artistic style that replaced baroque in the 1730s, emphasizing charm and gentle action.

What does enlightened absolutism refer to?

A system where rulers try to govern by Enlightenment principles while maintaining their royal powers.

What is a federal system?

A form of government where power is shared between national and state governments.

Who was Ptolemy?

The greatest ancient astronomer, known for the idea of a geocentric universe.

What was Nicolaus Copernicus known for?

He proposed the idea of a heliocentric universe.

Who was Johannes Kepler?

A mathematician who developed the laws of planetary motion.

What did Galileo Galilei contribute to science?

He used telescopes to observe the universe and challenged traditional views of the cosmos.

Who is Isaac Newton?

A mathematician recognized as the greatest genius of the Scientific Revolution who explained the laws of motion and gravity.

What did William Harvey discover?

He discovered that the heart is the beginning of blood circulation.

What is the significance of Margaret Cavendish in science?

She was a philosopher who attempted to explain scientific processes.

Who was Maria Winkelmann?

The most famous female astronomer in Germany who discovered a comet.

What is rationalism attributed to Rene Descartes?

He is known as the 'father of modern rationalism' for separating mind and matter.

Who was Francis Bacon?

An English philosopher who developed the Scientific Method.

What was John Locke’s contribution to philosophy?

He believed everyone was born with a blank mind shaped by experiences.

What did Montesquieu advocate for in government?

The idea of separation of powers using a system of checks and balances.

What did Voltaire criticize?

He criticized Christianity and championed the idea of deism.

What did Denis Diderot write?

He wrote the Encyclopedia to challenge traditional ways of thinking.

What is laissez-faire and who promoted its concept?

Laissez-faire means to let people do as they want, promoted by Adam Smith.

What was Jean-Jacques Rousseau famous for?

He developed the idea of a social contract where society is governed by the will of the people.

What did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for?

She championed women's rights in the Enlightenment.

Who was Frederick William I?

The Prussian king who maintained an efficient civil service and doubled the size of the army.

What changes did Frederick II implement?

He increased the army and made some changes based on Enlightenment ideas, but maintained serfdom.

Who was Empress Maria Theresa?

Austrian empress who worked to improve the conditions of serfs.

What reforms did Joseph II make?

He freed serfs, eliminated the death penalty, and enacted religious reforms.

Who was Catherine II?

Catherine the Great of Russia, known for expanding territory but not implementing Enlightenment ideas.

What was the Seven Years’ War?

A global war fought from 1756-1763 involving France, Austria, Russia against Britain and Prussia.

What does the term British refer to historically?

It refers to both the English and Scots, formalized in the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707.

What is the Scientific Revolution?

A period marked by scientific and technological advancements in European culture.

What is the Enlightenment?

A time in European history characterized by the use of reason and scientific method to understand life.