Extensor Tendon

Flexor Tendon Injury

OTC : les US tensions et contrastes

: What is the common name for the clavicle?
A: Collarbone Q: What is the common name for the scapula?
A: Shoulder blade Q: What bone is located in the upper arm?
A: Humerus Q: Which forearm bone is lateral (thumb side)?
A: Radius Q: Which forearm bone is medial (pinky side)?
A: Ulna Q: What structure forms the point of the elbow?
A: Olecranon process of the ulna Q: What fossa does the olecranon process fit into?
A: Olecranon fossa Carpal Bones Q: How many carpal bones are there?
A: 8 Q: Name the proximal row of carpal bones.
A: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform Q: Name the distal row of carpal bones.
A: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate Q: What mnemonic helps remember the carpal bones?
A: Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can't Handle Hand Bones Q: What are the hand bones called?
A: Metacarpals Q: What are the three parts of a metacarpal?
A: Base, Shaft, Head Q: How many phalanges does the thumb have?
A: 2 (Proximal and Distal) Q: How many phalanges do the other fingers have?
A: 3 (Proximal, Middle, Distal) Pelvis & Lower Extremity Q: What is the superior portion of the pelvis?
A: Ilium Q: What is the anterior pelvic bone?
A: Pubis Q: What is the posterior-inferior pelvic bone?
A: Ischium Q: What is the large opening in the pelvis called?
A: Obturator foramen Q: What is the thigh bone?
A: Femur Q: What is the medial lower leg bone?
A: Tibia Q: What is the lateral lower leg bone?
A: Fibula Q: What is the distal tibia called?
A: Medial malleolus Q: What is the distal fibula called?
A: Lateral malleolus Q: What ankle bone articulates with both malleoli?
A: Talus Q: What is the heel bone called?
A: Calcaneus Anatomy Terms Q: What is osteology?
A: Study of bones Q: What is arthrology?
A: Study of joints Q: What is kinesiology?
A: Study of body movement Q: What is another name for a joint?
A: Articulation Joints Q: What is a synarthrosis?
A: Nonmovable joint Q: Give an example of a synarthrosis.
A: Skull suture Q: What type of joint is a tooth?
A: Gomphosis Q: What is an amphiarthrosis?
A: Slightly movable joint Q: Give an example of an amphiarthrosis.
A: Pubic symphysis Q: What is a diarthrosis?
A: Freely movable joint Q: What fluid is found inside synovial joints?
A: Synovial fluid Q: What type of joint is the shoulder?
A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the hip?
A: Ball-and-socket Q: What type of joint is the elbow?
A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the knee?
A: Hinge joint Q: What type of joint is the wrist?
A: Condyloid joint Q: What type of joint is the thumb?
A: Saddle joint Q: What type of joint is found between tarsal bones?
A: Gliding joint Ligaments Q: What ligament stabilizes the medial side of the elbow?
A: Ulnar collateral ligament Q: What ligament stabilizes the lateral side of the elbow?
A: Radial collateral ligament Q: What does ACL stand for?
A: Anterior Cruciate Ligament Q: What does PCL stand for?
A: Posterior Cruciate Ligament Muscle Tissue Q: What is the muscle cell membrane called?
A: Sarcolemma Q: What is the muscle cell cytoplasm called?
A: Sarcoplasm Q: What are the contractile organelles called?
A: Myofibrils Q: What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?
A: Sarcomere Q: What is the thick filament?
A: Myosin Q: What is the thin filament?
A: Actin Q: What regulatory proteins control contraction?
A: Troponin and Tropomyosin Connective Tissue Coverings Q: What surrounds an individual muscle fiber?
A: Endomysium Q: What surrounds a fascicle?
A: Perimysium Q: What surrounds the entire muscle?
A: Epimysium Q: What surrounds groups of muscles?
A: Fascia Facial Muscles Q: What muscle closes the eye?
A: Orbicularis oculi Q: What muscle opens the eye?
A: Levator palpebrae superioris Q: What muscle wrinkles the nose?
A: Nasalis Q: What muscle closes the lips?
A: Orbicularis oris Q: What muscle is known as the "kissing muscle"?
A: Buccinator Q: What muscle causes smiling?
A: Zygomaticus major and minor Q: What muscle causes pouting?
A: Mentalis Muscle Actions Q: What are muscles that work together called?
A: Synergists Q: What are muscles that oppose each other called?
A: Antagonists Q: What are muscles that stabilize joints called?
A: Fixators (Stabilizers) Q: What is the main muscle performing an action called?
A: Prime mover Q: Where does a muscle begin?
A: Origin Q: Where does a muscle attach?
A: Insertion Q: What is the thick middle portion of a muscle?
A: Belly Mastication (Chewing) Muscles Q: What mnemonic helps remember the muscles of mastication?
A: TIME Q: What does T stand for in TIME?
A: Temporalis Q: What does M stand for in TIME?
A: Masseter Q: What does I stand for in TIME?
A: Internal (Medial) Pterygoid Q: What does E stand for in TIME?
A: External (Lateral) Pterygoid Tongue Muscles Q: What muscle sticks the tongue out?
A: Genioglossus Q: What muscle pulls the tongue in?
A: Styloglossus Q: What muscle elevates the tongue?
A: Palatoglossus Q: What muscle depresses the tongue?
A: Hyoglossus Rotator Cuff Q: What mnemonic helps remember the rotator cuff muscles?
A: SITS Q: What does S stand for?
A: Supraspinatus Q: What does I stand for?
A: Infraspinatus Q: What does T stand for?
A: Teres Minor Q: What does the second S stand for?
A: Subscapularis Q: Which rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?
A: Supraspinatus Lower Limb Muscles Q: What muscle extends the thigh at the hip?
A: Gluteus maximus Q: What muscles flex the thigh at the hip?
A: Iliacus and Psoas muscles Q: What muscles abduct the thigh?
A: Tensor fasciae latae, Gluteus medius, Gluteus minimus Q: What muscles adduct the thigh?
A: Adductor longus, brevis, magnus, gracilis, pectineus Quadriceps Q: What is the function of the quadriceps?
A: Extend the knee Q: Name the four quadriceps muscles.
A: Rectus femoris, Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, Vastus medialis Hamstrings Q: What is the function of the hamstrings?
A: Flex the knee Q: Name the hamstring muscles.
A: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus Lower Leg Q: What muscle dorsiflexes the foot?
A: Tibialis anterior Q: What muscles plantar flex the foot?
A: Gastrocnemius and Soleus Q: What tendon is formed by gastrocnemius and soleus?
A: Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon Trunk & Breathing Q: What muscle flexes the trunk?
A: Rectus abdominis Q: What muscle extends the trunk?
A: Quadratus lumborum Q: What is the primary muscle of breathing?
A: Diaphragm Q: What muscles help with inhalation?
A: External intercostals Q: What muscles help with exhalation?
A: Internal intercostals Muscle Fiber Types Q: Which muscle fibers are best for posture?
A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers resist fatigue?
A: Slow-twitch fibers Q: Which muscle fibers are best for sprinting?
A: Fast-twitch A fibers Q: Which muscle fibers contract the fastest?
A: Fast-twitch B fibers Blood Q: What is the study of blood called?
A: Hematology Q: What is the normal blood pH?
A: 7.35–7.45 Q: What percentage of blood is plasma?
A: 55% Q: What percentage of blood is formed elements?
A: 45% Q: What are red blood cells called?
A: Erythrocytes Q: What is the function of red blood cells?
A: Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide Q: How long do red blood cells live?
A: 120 days Q: What are white blood cells called?
A: Leukocytes Q: What is the function of white blood cells?
A: Fight infection Q: What are platelets also called?
A: Thrombocytes Q: What is the function of platelets?
A: Blood clotting Q: How long do platelets live?
A: 5–9 days Blood Clotting Q: What is hemostasis?
A: Stoppage of blood loss Q: What is a thrombus?
A: A blood clot Q: What is thrombosis?
A: Formation of a clot in an unbroken vessel Q: What is an embolus?
A: A traveling clot Q: What is an embolism?
A: Blockage caused by an embolus Blood Types Q: What antigens are found on Type A blood?
A: A antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type A blood?
A: Anti-B antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type B blood?
A: B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type B blood?
A: Anti-A antibodies Q: What antigens are found on Type AB blood?
A: A and B antigens Q: What antibodies are found in Type AB blood?
A: None Q: What antigens are found on Type O blood?
A: None Q: What antibodies are found in Type O blood?
A: Anti-A and Anti-B Q: What is the universal donor?
A: O Negative Q: What is the universal receiver?
A: AB Positive Last-Minute Memorization Set Q: Radius = ?
A: Thumb side Q: Ulna = ?
A: Pinky side Q: Heel bone = ?
A: Calcaneus Q: Study of bones = ?
A: Osteology Q: Study of joints = ?
A: Arthrology Q: Study of movement = ?
A: Kinesiology Q: Rotator cuff mnemonic = ?
A: SITS Q: Chewing muscles mnemonic = ?
A: TIME Q: Universal donor = ?
A: O- Q: Universal receiver = ?
A: AB+ Q: Blood pH = ?
A: 7.35–7.45 Q: RBC lifespan = ?
A: 120 days Q: Platelet lifespan = ?
A: 5–9 days Q: Main breathing muscle = ?
A: Diaphragm Q: Knee extensors = ?
A: Quadriceps Q: Knee flexors = ?
A: Hamstrings

muscle and tendon

(Anatomy II) Joints: Ligaments & Tendons

Resistencia de Materiales 2 - Tensiones, Deformaciones y Pandeo

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RP 1: Investigation into the variation of the frequency of stationary waves on a string with length, tension and mass per unit length of the string.

WORLD HISTORY SEMESTER EXAM STUDY GUIDE UNIT 5: WORLD WAR I & THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand Murder of Austria-Hungary's heir that triggered WWI. Militarism Building up armed forces. Alliances Agreements to defend one another. Imperialism Expanding power through colonies. Nationalism Strong pride in one's nation. Schlieffen Plan Germany's plan to defeat France quickly. Total War Using all national resources for war. New Military Technology Machine Gun Rapid-fire weapon. Tank Armored combat vehicle. Airplane Used for scouting and attacks. Poison Gas Chemical weapon. Propaganda Information used to influence people. Lusitania British ship sunk by Germany. Treaty of Versailles Peace treaty ending WWI. League of Nations Organization created to keep peace. War Communism Government control of Russia's economy. USSR Communist state formed in 1922. Stalin Soviet dictator who expanded government control. UNIT 6: RISE OF DICTATORS & WORLD WAR II Fascist Government led by a dictator. Totalitarian Government with total control. Authoritarian Government limiting freedoms. Communist Government controls the economy. Benito Mussolini Fascist dictator of Italy. Five-Year Plan Stalin's industrial program. Adolf Hitler Leader of Nazi Germany. Nazi Party Hitler's political party. Final Solution Nazi plan to kill Europe's Jews. Hyperinflation Extreme rise in prices. Aggression and Instability Countries used force to gain land. Appeasement Giving in to avoid war. Nazi-Soviet Pact Germany and USSR agreed not to fight. Pearl Harbor Attack that brought the U.S. into WWII. Blitzkrieg Fast attack using tanks and planes. D-Day Allied invasion of Normandy. Franklin D. Roosevelt U.S. president during WWII. Winston Churchill British prime minister during WWII. Dwight Eisenhower Commander of the D-Day invasion. Manhattan Project Program that developed the atomic bomb. UNIT 7: ASIA, AFRICA, & THE MIDDLE EAST Mandate System League of Nations control over territories. Israel Jewish state created in 1948. Palestine Region claimed by Arabs and Jews. Jerusalem Holy city claimed by both sides. Golan Heights Strategic land captured from Syria. Sinai Peninsula Egyptian land occupied after war. Arab-Israeli Conflict Long struggle between Israel and Arab nations. Palestinian Refugees (Where?) Many fled to nearby Arab countries. Palestinian Refugees (Effects) Created long-term tensions. MIDDLE EAST Iran-Iraq War Eight-year war between Iran and Iraq. Persian Gulf War War to free Kuwait from Iraq. Islamic Revolution Iran became an Islamic republic. Soviets in Afghanistan Soviet invasion in 1979. Taliban Islamic group that ruled Afghanistan. The Iraq War U.S.-led invasion of Iraq. Syrian Civil War War between Syria's government and rebels. Al Qaeda and September 11 Attacks Terrorist attacks on the U.S. in 2001. War in Afghanistan U.S. war against terrorism. ISIS Extremist group that seized territory. AFRICA Berlin Conference European powers divided Africa. Britain Controlled large African colonies. Belgium Ruled the Congo. Germany Held several African colonies. African Independence Freedom from colonial rule. African National Congress (ANC) Group that fought apartheid. Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) Group promoting African self-rule. Apartheid Racial segregation in South Africa. Nelson Mandela Leader who helped end apartheid. Rwandan Genocide Mass killing in Rwanda in 1994. Hutu Ethnic majority in Rwanda. Tutsi Ethnic minority targeted in the genocide

Muscle Tension

RTS Post Achilles Tendon Rupture

Tendon and Ligament Injury

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1. Cell Transport Brownian Movement Definition: Random movement of particles caused by their inherent kinetic energy. Occurs above freezing temperatures. Passive process (requires no energy/ATP). Responsible for constant molecular motion. Diffusion Definition: Movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration. Passive transport Moves down the concentration gradient No energy required Facilitated Diffusion Definition: Diffusion through a selectively permeable membrane using membrane proteins. Passive transport High → Low concentration Only certain substances can pass Filtration Definition: Movement of water and dissolved substances through a membrane from higher pressure to lower pressure. Driven by pressure differences Dialysis Definition: Separation of small molecules from larger molecules. Used in dialysis machines Not a normal transport process in the body 2. Active Transport Active Transport Definition: Transport requiring cellular energy (ATP). Endocytosis ("Into the Cell") Phagocytosis Cell Eating Engulfs solid particles Example: White blood cells engulfing bacteria Pinocytosis Cell Drinking Engulfs fluids Exocytosis Definition: Movement of substances out of the cell. 3. Epithelial Tissue Characteristics Covers body surfaces Lines organs and cavities Cells are tightly packed High mitotic rate Connected to connective tissue by a basement membrane Classification by Shape Shape Name Flat Squamous Cube-shaped Cuboidal Tall/elongated Columnar Classification by Layers Layers Name One layer Simple Two or more layers Stratified Example: Simple Columnar Epithelium = One layer of elongated cells 4. Connective Tissue Components Connective tissue contains: Cells Fibers Ground substance Fibers + Ground Substance = Matrix Loose Connective Tissue Areolar Tissue Supports organs Widely spaced fibers Adipose Tissue Fat tissue Insulation Energy storage Reticular Tissue Found in lymph nodes and spleen Acts as a filtering framework Dense Connective Tissue Dense Regular Fibers run in one direction Found in: Tendons Ligaments Aponeuroses Dense Irregular Fibers run in multiple directions Found in: Dermis of skin Elastic Connective Tissue Allows stretching Found in: Walls of arteries Elastic structures 5. Cartilage Hyaline Cartilage Found in: Articular cartilage (joint surfaces) Costal cartilage (ribs) Fibrocartilage Strongest cartilage Found in: Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Meniscus of knee Elastic Cartilage Provides flexibility Found in: External ear 6. Skin (Integumentary System) Epidermal Cells Keratinocytes Produce keratin Waterproofing protein Melanocytes Produce melanin Protect from UV radiation Langerhans Cells Immune defense Fight infection Merkel Cells Touch receptors 7. Layers of the Epidermis Deepest → Most Superficial Stratum Basale Stratum Spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin) Stratum Corneum Thick Skin Found on: Palms Soles Contains: Stratum Lucidum Dead Layers Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum Filled with keratin. 8. Skin Glands Sudoriferous Glands Sweat glands Eccrine glands Apocrine glands Sebaceous Glands Produce sebum (oil) Ceruminous Glands Produce earwax Mammary Glands Modified sweat glands Produce milk 9. Skeletal System Upper Extremity Humerus Arm bone Radius Lateral forearm bone Thumb side Ulna Medial forearm bone Forms elbow joint Carpals Wrist bones 8 bones Metacarpals Hand bones Phalanges Finger bones Thumb: 2 phalanges Other fingers: 3 phalanges Pelvis Ilium Superior portion Pubis Anterior portion Ischium Posterior/inferior portion "Sit bones" Lower Extremity Femur Thigh bone Tibia Shin bone Medial Fibula Lateral lower leg bone Tarsals Ankle bones Metatarsals Foot bones Phalanges Toe bones Big toe: 2 phalanges Other toes: 3 phalanges High-Yield Exam Questions 1. What is Brownian movement? Random movement of particles caused by kinetic energy. 2. Does diffusion require energy? No. It is passive transport. 3. Difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? Facilitated diffusion requires a selectively permeable membrane protein. 4. What is phagocytosis? Cell eating (engulfing solids). 5. What is pinocytosis? Cell drinking (engulfing fluids). 6. Which epithelial tissue has one layer of column-shaped cells? Simple columnar epithelium. 7. What is the matrix of connective tissue? Fibers + ground substance. 8. Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs? Fibrocartilage. 9. Which epidermal cells produce melanin? Melanocytes. 10. What are the five epidermal layers? Basale → Spinosum → Granulosum → Lucidum → Corneum. 11. Which bone is on the thumb side of the forearm? Radius. 12. Which bone forms the shin? Tibia. 13. What are the wrist bones called? Carpals. 14. What are the ankle bones called? Tarsals. 15. What are the hand and foot bones called? Metacarpals and Metatarsals. Quick Memorization Tips Pino = Sip → Pinocytosis = cell drinking Phago = Eat → Phagocytosis = cell eating Radius = Radio to Thumb → Radius is lateral Simple = One Layer Stratified = Many Layers Melanocytes = Melanin Keratinocytes = Keratin Sebaceous = Sebum (Oil) Sudoriferous = Sweat Carpals = Wrist Tarsals = Ankle This covers the major concepts your instructor specifically reviewed for the exam

1. Miastenia Gravis: La falla en la comunicación neuromuscular La Miastenia Gravis (MG) no es un problema del músculo en sí, sino de la transmisión de la señal nerviosa hacia él. Es una enfermedad autoinmune y fluctuante. ¿Dónde ocurre? En la membrana postsináptica de la unión neuromuscular. El nervio suelta la acetilcolina (el mensajero), pero el músculo no puede recibirla correctamente. Los culpables (Anticuerpos): El sistema inmune destruye los receptores. El documento menciona tres tipos: Anti-AChR (85%): Los más comunes. Anti-MuSK (10-15%): Suelen dar cuadros más severos, con mucha afectación de cara, cuello y músculos respiratorios. Anti-LRP4 (5%): Casos más leves. Nota clínica clave: Que los análisis salgan negativos (seronegativa) no descarta la enfermedad. Clínica (El día a día del paciente): La palabra clave aquí es fatigabilidad. El paciente se levanta bien, pero a medida que usa los músculos, se agotan. Ptosis y Diplopía: Párpado caído y visión doble (los músculos oculares son los primeros en afectarse). Crisis Miasténica: Es la complicación más grave. El diafragma se debilita tanto que el paciente entra en paro respiratorio. Diagnóstico: Además del laboratorio y la electromiografía (EMG), destaca la Prueba del Hielo (el frío mejora temporalmente la transmisión neuromuscular y levanta el párpado caído) y la TAC de Tórax. Esta última es vital porque la MG está súper ligada a alteraciones del timo (hiperplasia o timoma), que es donde se "entrenan" mal esos anticuerpos. 2. Distrofias Musculares: El daño estructural del músculo A diferencia de la Miastenia, aquí el problema sí es estructural y genético. Es una distrofinopatía. La proteína ausente (Distrofina): Imagina que la distrofina es el "amortiguador" o el pegamento que protege la membrana de la célula muscular cada vez que se contrae. Sin ella, el músculo se rompe con el uso y se destruye progresivamente. Genética: Ligada al cromosoma X (Xp21). Las mujeres suelen ser portadoras sanas y los hombres desarrollan la enfermedad. Duchenne vs. Becker: Duchenne: Es la forma grave. No hay nada de distrofina. Inicia en la infancia temprana (2-3 años) y el deterioro es rápido. Becker: Es más noble. Hay distrofina, pero es defectuosa o insuficiente. Inicia más tarde (adolescencia o adultez) y progresa lento. Signos Clínicos Típicos: Debilidad Progresiva NO Fluctuante: Aquí no hay días buenos o malos como en la Miastenia; el músculo se va perdiendo. Empieza en la cintura pélvica. Signo de Gowers: Como los músculos de la pelvis y piernas están débiles, el niño tiene que "escalar sobre sí mismo" usando las manos para poder ponerse de pie. Pseudohipertrofia de gemelos: Las pantorrillas se ven grandes y fuertes, pero es un engaño; el músculo destruido fue reemplazado por grasa y tejido conectivo. Marcha Anserina: Camina balanceando la cadera de un lado a otro (como un pato) por debilidad del glúteo medio. Tratamiento: Se usan corticoides para retrasar la pérdida de fuerza y proteger la función pulmonar/cardíaca el mayor tiempo posible. 3. Parálisis Cerebral (PC): Lesión en un cerebro en desarrollo La PC es una lesión fija (no va a empeorar ni a extenderse), pero ocurre en un cerebro inmaduro, lo que altera el desarrollo motor de por vida. Los detonantes principales: El documento apunta directo a la prematurez (< 36 semanas) y al bajo peso (< 2500g). Los vasos sanguíneos de un bebé prematuro son sumamente frágiles; ante cualquier cambio de presión o falta de oxígeno (hipoxia), se rompen o se infartan las zonas cercanas a los ventrículos cerebrales (vía piramidal), dejando secuelas motoras. Clasificación según la zona dañada: 1 Espástica (80-85%): Daño en la corteza cerebral / vía piramidal. Los músculos están rígidos, tensos y los reflejos exagerados. Dependiendo de qué lóbulo o zona afecte, puede asociarse a epilepsia o problemas cognitivos. 2 Discinética/Atetoide (10-15%): Daño en los núcleos basales. Produce movimientos involuntarios, descoordinados y cambios bruscos en el tono muscular (pasa de rígido a flácido). Se relaciona con posturas distónicas o movimientos de corea. 3 Atáxica (5%): Daño en el cerebelo. El principal problema es el equilibrio, la coordinación de movimientos y el tono muscular bajo (hipotonía), acompañado a veces de nistagmus (movimiento involuntario de los ojos). Cambios estructurales visibles en imagen (USG/RMN): Destaca la atrofia periventricular, que lesiona directamente las fibras que controlan el movimiento de las piernas y brazos, y la ventriculomegalia (dilatación de los ventrículos por pérdida de tejido cerebral circundante)

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