Chapter 8 – The Appendicular Skeleton
chPectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
• Bones: Clavicle & Scapula
• Functions: Connects upper limb to axial skeleton; provides attachment for muscles; allows wide range of motion.
• Principal Markings of Scapula:
• Acromion: Shoulder tip; articulates with clavicle.
• Coracoid Process: Muscle attachment.
• Glenoid Cavity: Articulates with humerus (shoulder joint).
• Borders: Lateral & Medial.
• Spine of Scapula: Muscle attachment.
• Angles: Superior & Inferior.
• Fossae: Supraspinous & Infraspinous; for muscle attachment.
• Principal Markings of Clavicle:
• Sternal End: Articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint).
• Acromial End: Articulates with scapula.
Upper Limb (Extremity)
Humerus
• Head: Articulates with glenoid cavity.
• Greater & Lesser Tubercle: Muscle attachment.
• Capitulum: Articulates with radius.
• Trochlea: Articulates with ulna.
• Fossae: Coronoid & Olecranon for ulna movement.
• Epicondyles: Medial & Lateral; muscle attachment.
Radius & Ulna
• Ulna:
• Olecranon & Coronoid Process form elbow hinge.
• Radial Notch: articulates with radius.
• Styloid Process: wrist attachment.
• Radius:
• Head: articulates with humerus & ulna.
• Radial Tuberosity: biceps attachment.
• Styloid Process: wrist attachment.
Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
• Carpals (wrist): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.
• Metacarpals I–V: Base, shaft, head.
• Phalanges I–V: Proximal, middle, distal.
Pelvic (Hip) Girdle
• Bones: 2 Os Coxa (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis).
• Acetabulum: Socket for femur.
• Ilium Markings: Iliac crest, ASIS, PSIS, Auricular surface, Iliac fossa.
• Ischium: Ischial tuberosity (sits bones).
• Pubis: Pubic symphysis (joins 2 hip bones).
False vs True Pelves
• False Pelvis: Superior portion; supports abdominal organs.
• True Pelvis: Inferior portion; surrounds pelvic cavity & birth canal.
Female vs Male Pelvis
• Female: Wider, shallower, larger pelvic inlet/outlet.
• Male: Narrower, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet/outlet.
Lower Limb (Extremity)
Thigh – Femur & Patella
• Femur Markings:
• Head & Neck, Greater & Lesser Trochanter.
• Medial & Lateral Condyles and Epicondyles.
• Intercondylar Fossa: posterior notch between condyles.
• Patella: Base, Apex, Articular facets.
Tibia & Fibula
• Tibia: Medial & Lateral Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus.
• Fibula: Head, Lateral Malleolus.
Foot
• Tarsals: Talus, Navicular, Calcaneus, Cuboid, 1st–3rd Cuneiforms.
• Metatarsals I–V: Base, shaft, head.
• Phalanges I–V: Proximal, Middle, Distal.
• Arches: Longitudinal & Transverse; support weight & absorb shock.
Disorders & Homeostasis
• Skeletal Homeostasis: Supports body, protects organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells.
• Appendicular Disorders:
• Fractures, dislocations, arthritis, osteoporosis.
• Can affect mobility, strength, and posture
24
