Chapter 8 – The Appendicular Skeleton chPectoral (Shoulder) Girdle • Bones: Clavicle & Scapula • Functions: Connects upper limb to axial skeleton; provides attachment for muscles; allows wide range of motion. • Principal Markings of Scapula: • Acromion: Shoulder tip; articulates with clavicle. • Coracoid Process: Muscle attachment. • Glenoid Cavity: Articulates with humerus (shoulder joint). • Borders: Lateral & Medial. • Spine of Scapula: Muscle attachment. • Angles: Superior & Inferior. • Fossae: Supraspinous & Infraspinous; for muscle attachment. • Principal Markings of Clavicle: • Sternal End: Articulates with sternum (sternoclavicular joint). • Acromial End: Articulates with scapula. Upper Limb (Extremity) Humerus • Head: Articulates with glenoid cavity. • Greater & Lesser Tubercle: Muscle attachment. • Capitulum: Articulates with radius. • Trochlea: Articulates with ulna. • Fossae: Coronoid & Olecranon for ulna movement. • Epicondyles: Medial & Lateral; muscle attachment. Radius & Ulna • Ulna: • Olecranon & Coronoid Process form elbow hinge. • Radial Notch: articulates with radius. • Styloid Process: wrist attachment. • Radius: • Head: articulates with humerus & ulna. • Radial Tuberosity: biceps attachment. • Styloid Process: wrist attachment. Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges • Carpals (wrist): Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate. • Metacarpals I–V: Base, shaft, head. • Phalanges I–V: Proximal, middle, distal. Pelvic (Hip) Girdle • Bones: 2 Os Coxa (Ilium, Ischium, Pubis). • Acetabulum: Socket for femur. • Ilium Markings: Iliac crest, ASIS, PSIS, Auricular surface, Iliac fossa. • Ischium: Ischial tuberosity (sits bones). • Pubis: Pubic symphysis (joins 2 hip bones). False vs True Pelves • False Pelvis: Superior portion; supports abdominal organs. • True Pelvis: Inferior portion; surrounds pelvic cavity & birth canal. Female vs Male Pelvis • Female: Wider, shallower, larger pelvic inlet/outlet. • Male: Narrower, deeper, smaller pelvic inlet/outlet. Lower Limb (Extremity) Thigh – Femur & Patella • Femur Markings: • Head & Neck, Greater & Lesser Trochanter. • Medial & Lateral Condyles and Epicondyles. • Intercondylar Fossa: posterior notch between condyles. • Patella: Base, Apex, Articular facets. Tibia & Fibula • Tibia: Medial & Lateral Condyles, Tibial Tuberosity, Medial Malleolus. • Fibula: Head, Lateral Malleolus. Foot • Tarsals: Talus, Navicular, Calcaneus, Cuboid, 1st–3rd Cuneiforms. • Metatarsals I–V: Base, shaft, head. • Phalanges I–V: Proximal, Middle, Distal. • Arches: Longitudinal & Transverse; support weight & absorb shock. Disorders & Homeostasis • Skeletal Homeostasis: Supports body, protects organs, stores minerals, produces blood cells. • Appendicular Disorders: • Fractures, dislocations, arthritis, osteoporosis. • Can affect mobility, strength, and posture

Pectoral Girdle

Connects the upper limb to the axial skeleton; composed of clavicle and scapula.

Acromion

Shoulder tip; articulates with clavicle.

Glenoid Cavity

Articulates with humerus to form the shoulder joint.

Clavicle Functions

Connects the arm to the body and provides structural support.

Coracoid Process

Site for muscle attachment on the scapula.

Sternal End of Clavicle

Articulates with the sternum at the sternoclavicular joint.

Humerus Head

Articulates with the glenoid cavity.

Capitulum

Part of the humerus that articulates with the radius.

Trochlea

Part of the humerus that articulates with the ulna.

Ulna

Forearm bone that forms the elbow hinge; features include olecranon and coronoid process.

Radius

Forearm bone that articulates with the humerus and ulna; includes radial tuberosity.

Carpals

Wrist bones: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, Pisiform, Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate.

Os Coxa

Pelvic bone comprising Ilium, Ischium, and Pubis.

Acetabulum

Socket of the hip joint for femur.

Ilium Markings

Includes iliac crest, ASIS, PSIS, auricular surface, iliac fossa.

True Pelvis

Inferior portion of the pelvis; surrounds pelvic cavity and birth canal.

Female Pelvis Characteristics

Wider, shallower; larger pelvic inlet and outlet.

Male Pelvis Characteristics

Narrower, deeper; smaller pelvic inlet and outlet.

Femur Markings

Includes head, neck, greater and lesser trochanters, medial and lateral condyles.

Patella

Kneecap; features base, apex, and articular facets.

Tarsals

Foot bones: Talus, Navicular, Calcaneus, Cuboid, and 1st–3rd Cuneiforms.

Arches of the Foot

Longitudinal and transverse; support weight and absorb shock.

Skeletal Homeostasis

Supports body, protects organs, stores minerals, and produces blood cells.

Appendicular Disorders

Include fractures, dislocations, arthritis, and osteoporosis.