Soci 1101 Unit 4 Test

what is arguably the oldest area of sociology?

The study of lives over time (Urban Life) from the 1890s, specifically looking at poverty, cons of industrialization, and immigrants

have blacks and whites always been residentially segregated?

No, before the 1900s they lived next to each other. In Southern cities blacks lived in alleys next to whites. Most cities with predominantly black people living there actually had more white people living there before the 1900s.

what are the 2 major developments and explain them?

1. industrialization: takes route in cities, people migrate to those cities leading to urbanization (located around water)

2. beginning migration from south to north: to facilitate factory production we need people

Describe the creation of the managerial class…

Necessary to manage the whole mass of the working class

creation of what helped cities to grow vertically and horizontally?

vertically: structural steel and elevators

horizontally: urban rail system

what happened to immigration in the US when demand for labor in Europe increased and decreased?

Demand in labor increase = immigration in US decreased

Demand in labor decreased = immigration in US increased

In what scenario does the cyclical relationship of immigration in the US and demand of labor in Europe turn out for the worse?

When both Europe and the US had economic booms so they both need more workers

What did periodic labor shortages in the US cause?

Caused northeners to rely on domestic supply of labor in the south

What did northeners see blacks as?

Strike-breakers because they had no knowledge of unions so they would never strike against their employers

From when was the black out-migration?

From the end of the 1800s to beginning of the 1900s

What were the 2 significant things caused by WW2?

1. Increase demand for US labor

2. Cut off flow of european immigrants

What is the result of WW2?

massive recruiting of rural blacks from the south

How did northern whites view the flood of blacks?

They viewed them as economic competitors

Why was the 1900s a major turning point for racial conflict?

Because there was an upsurge of racial riots. Blacks were increasingly segregated and whites grew more and more intolerant of black neighborhoods.

From when did residential segregation rise?

From the 19th century to the 20th century

When was the ghetto established?

Mid 20th century

Was the Ghetto a permanent feature of the country?

Yes, because it is based on racial prejudice

Why could race not be studied before 1940?

Surveys weren’t a thing yet

What were the polling statistics on the question of if white’s and black’s should be residentially segregated?

1942: 84% yes

1962: 61% yes

1970: 47% yes

What is some background information to “The Social Order of the Slum”

• Written by George Suttles

• Studied the Addams area in Chicago

• Studied Addams area for 3 years

• The research was an ethnographic study

• Suttles lacked an ethnic background of the 4 groups

• Suttles got a youth organization job

• The residents of the area thought he had an “patronage job”

• They believed if Suttles knew their story and took it to the City council, then the construction of the University Medical Center would stop

What is the Addams area named after?

Named after Jane Addams because she over looked the Hull-House which was a immigration or holistic social agency

What does ethnography mean?

Writing about a people

What were the 4 groups residing in the Addams area?

-African Americans

-Italians

-Puerto Ricans

-Mexicans

What is a patronage job?

Job given through political people one knows

What tactics did Suttles use?

• Uses maps and tables

Why are maps and tables used?

Cognitive device to render the complex simple

In order to organize and hold the work together Suttles used what concept?

Ordered Segmentation

Suttles used ordered segmentation to find out what?

How the Slums were socially ordered

What are the 4 segments Suttles came up with?

1. Ethnicity

2. Age

3. Gender

4. Territory

How did Suttles order the segments?

First level of conflict: Ethnic group vs. Ethnic group (same age, different territories)

Second level of conflict: Ethnic group vs. Ethnic group (all ages, different territories)

Third level of conflict: All neighborhood residents vs. All residents of another neighborhood

What does sociology of the life course mean?

Study of the courses of lives; sociologically, how the courses of lives are affected by their contact with others

Is ones own life determined only by themselves?

No

What are the 5 guiding principles of sociology of life course and explain each?

1. Idea of linked lives: Futures are shaped by relationships

2. Idea of event timing: Timing of events can cause different effects

3. Idea of variation: Everyone lives different lives

4. Idea of stratification: People of the same age go through different life courses

5. Idea of phase: All lives have phases

What is background information of the Glueck Study?

• Conducted in 1939 by 2 harvard law professors

• Sample group consists of 500 delinquent boys (10-17 years)

• Based in Massachusetts

• From birth to age 32 the group accumulated 600 charges

• In 1993 most were still alive, but last contacted in 1963

What is the background information of “Shared Beginnings, Divergent Lives”?

• Written by Robert Sampson and John Laub

• Smaller than 500 sample size because some of the criminals died

• Had life histories from the subjects

• Authors competing against existing explanations/ competing arguments

What are the possible explanations and their critiques for how criminals stop committing crimes while others persist?

• Maturation: Because of aging and maturing crime stops

  • Critique: Doesn’t answer why older people still commit crimes

• Rational Choice: Based on economic calculations of cost and benefits such that people make rational choices

  • Critiques: Much of human behavior isn’t rational

• Social Learning: People commit crimes because they hang with people who also are criminals

  • Critiques: What affects the network itself of whether you do or don’t have these friends

Explain Age-graded Informal Social Control…

Age-graded: Something is not only different at different ages but also intensifies as you get older

Informal: Something occurring in everyday life; daily living and routine

Control by others/ Social Control: You’re integrated and regulated effectively (not controlled)

What are the 3 methods for social control and explain them?

1. Marriage: Obligation and restraint, direct monitoring, seriousness of life

2. Work: If work is stable and committed reduces the opportunity to commit crimes

3. Military: Military removing them from adverse life situations

What would Durkheim say about life course?

Social regulation and Social integration normalize living and stabilizing course through life

What are examples of social institutions?

• Education

• Marriage

• Work

• Military

• Religion

• Politics

What does the reading say about stable and harmonious marriages?

They are in short supply, only about 1/3 happy and intact after 15 years of marriage

What does the reading investigate?

Investigated marital quality and what changes of marital quality relate to changes of marriage as an institution performs

What does the marital decline perspective argue?

Those who support argue that a retreat from marriage is a cause for concern

What are the 4 assumptions of the marital decline perspective?

1. Marriage is weaker now

2. Most important cause is growing individualism

3. Negative consequences

4. Initiate steps to strengthen the institution of marriage

What did traditional marriage focus on?

It was a social obligation for economic survival and sustain human species

What is new marriage seen as?

A path to self-fulfillment that people can make or break

What does the marital resilience perspective say?

Questions the belief that the proportion of unsuccessful marriages have not increased but stayed the same

What are the 4 assumptions of the marital resilience perspective?

1. Marriage is changing, but not in decline

2. Americans have not become excessively individualistic

3. Few negative consequences

4. We should support all types of families

How do social networks make marriages stronger?

Close and shared friends can help deal with marital stress, and few social ties will make one more prone to have higher expectations for the spouse

What is the relationship between religiosity and marriage?

Those who are religious have a higher quality marriage, must be common and shared

What is the best predictor of divorce?

Age you get married (25 is the apex to where once you get married later years you have less risk of divorce)

Are people in second and higher number marriages more likely to divorce than people in their first?

Yes, because of disbelief in lifelong marriage

Is one placed at greater risk of divorce if their parents were divorced?

Yes, because of lack of communication and poor resolution skills that are modeled by the parents

What are the 5 types of marriages and describe them…

Type 1: Disadvantaged, young, single-career marriages

• No education, great financial distress (conservative view)

Type 2: Working-class, young, dual-career marriages

• Below average household income, financial distress, blue collar jobs

Type 3: Working-class/ Middle-class, traditional, single-career marriages

• Traditional (Religious/ Lifelong marriages), most conservative

Type 4: Middle-class, egalitarian, dual-careered marriages

• Equal gender-roles

Type 5: Upper-middle-class, prosperous, mostly dual-career marriages

• Highest education, egalitarian (mainly)

Which type of marriage is the most happy with the least conflict?

Type 5

Which type of marriage is the second happiest?

Type 3

Which type(s) of marriage have the most conflict?

Type 1 and Type 2

What is the most serious health problem in colleges?

Alcohol consumption

What does a “culture of alcohol” mean?

Alcohol consumption certifies ones membership

Describe the background of the Harvard School of Public Health College Alcohol Study (CAS)…

• 50,000 students

• 140 4-year colleges

• Across multiple years (longitudinal study)

• Goal of the study is not moralistic (It is a health problem)

How is binge drinking defined?

Men: 5 or more drinks in a row at least once in the past few weeks

Women: 4 or more drinks in a row at least once in the past few weeks

How are occasional binge drinker defined?

Those who drink in this manner once or twice in the past 2 weeks

How are frequent binge drinkers defined?

Those who drink in this manner three or four times in the past 2 weeks

Describe a low binge campus…

less than 37% students who binge drink

Describe a high binge campus…

more than or equal to 50% students who binge drink

What are the top 3 predictors of binge drinking?

• Fraternity residence

• Parties

• Marijuana use in last month

Why do students drink heavy?

• Breaks the ice (70%)

• Enhances social activity (69%)

• Gives people something to do (66%)

• Gives people something to talk about (59%)

• Allows people to have more fun (55%)

What are the 9 drinking myths?

1. Work hard, play hard

   • Difficult to work well after heavy drinking

2. As an individual, I’m in control

   • With alcohol the more one drinks, the less control they have

3. Everybody does it

   • Majority of students don’t binge

4. Smart people don’t drink; academically demanding schools are safe

   • SAT and IQ scores don’t stop people from binging

5. Alcohol is not harmful; many other things are worse

   • False because even beer is dangerous

6. Drinking is my own business; it doesn’t hurt others

   • 75% of students reported annoyance of drinkers

7. Alcohol increases sex drive

   • More you drink blood level decreases, decreasing sexual performance

8. Most students are dead set against any college efforts to restrict alcohol

   • Support greater control of alcohol use in frats and sororities

9. Drinking is a rite of passage; people will grow out of it

   • Most will, but significant minority won’t

What are the 8 theories of college alcohol abuse and describe them?

1. Alcohol myopia theory

   • Peoples views in their immediate environment are narrowed leading to disregarding negative views of themselves, but inflates their postives

2. Behavioral economics theory

   • You have a set of choices to make and people pick which will make them the most happy

3. Developmental theory

   • College students face much stress due to many developments, to deal with stress they engage in alcohol use to cope

4. Social learning theory (mimicking)

   • Humans learn much of their behavior by observing others, so they come to drink because they observe friends, family, or peers

5. Tension reduction theory

   • Alcohol reduces fears and anxiety, reinforcing usage of alcohol

6. Health belief theory

   • The more one drinks the more they become immune

7. Theory of reasoned action (conformity)

   • People drink because they think people want them to

8. Theory of social normative behavior

   • College students overestimate how much their peers drink, so they drink more

What are the 7 solutions for institutions to decrease drinking and describe them?

1. Institutional acknowledgement and assessment

   • Acknowledge that there is a problem

2. Rich academic and extracurricular environment

   • The college experience is about serving others, not enjoying your day

3. Support student efforts to create alternatives

   • Give them something to do, instead of drinking

4. Work with local community (Town Gown)

   • To limit entrance of underage drinking

5. Alcohol-free living arrangements

6. Address frats and sororities

   • Regulate them more

7. Encourage problem drinkers to seek help and provide treatment in demand

   • Be helpful, don’t condemn them

What does religion consist of?

A system of beliefs shared among members of a group about forces that shape human destiny

What are 5 aspects to understand religion sociologically?

1. There must be a group of believers

2. Concerned with matters of the sacred as set apart from the profane

3. Creed: Refers to the relationship between life on earth and supernatural beings (religious beliefs)

4. Rituals: Are patterns of behavior to the sacred (like a deity or symbol)

5. Norms: Religion brings members a desired way of life (rules to govern their lives)

What does sacred mean?

Arouses awe and reverence

What does profane mean?

That which is ordinary

What does it mean to desecrate?

To make a sacred thing ordinary or profane

Studies have shown religiosity leads to…

Reduced chance of disease and disability

Why is church attendance the best measure of religiosity’s relationship to health?

Church attendance is more involving, and socially contolling

What are the 5 key explanations of religiosity and health?

1. Health Behaviors and personal lifestyle

   • Religion’s creed discourages the use of alcohol and cigarettes, but encourages healthy lifestyle

2. Social Support

   • Larger social networks among people

   • Provide services, money, information, moral support, and perception of support

3. Self-esteem

   • High self-esteem leads to seeking out medical help

   • Display of positive, good attitudes

   • Relationship with higher being

4. Healthy Beliefs

   • “Learned Optimism” - conditioned to be optimistic

   • Hope

5. Postive Emotions

   • Forgiveness

   • Contentment

   • Peace

Describe the classic origins of contemporary concerns: Emile Durkheim…

• Studied and determined religion to have life preserving functions

• Religion integrates people into a society

• Major mechanism of social control