Muscle Contraction Physiology

Lymph: ET reticular cells

Three types of muscle tissue o Compare and contrast the three basic types of muscle tissue. • List four characteristics of muscle tissue. • List the functions of muscle tissue • Describe the gross structure of a skeletal muscle. o Organization of muscle, fascicle, muscle fiber, myofibril, myofilaments o Connective tissue sheaths of skeletal muscle: ▪ epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. o Describe what origins and insertions are in a general terms • Describe the microscopic structure and functional roles of the myofibrils, sarcomere, sarcoplasmic reticulum, and T tubules of skeletal muscle fibers. o Myoglobin, glycosomes o M line, Z disc o Triad • Sliding filament model of muscle contraction • Composition of thick and thin filaments o Structure of Actin, Tropomyosin, Troponin, Myosin • AP, hyperpolarization, depolarization • Ion channel function • Refractory period • Explain how muscle fibers are stimulated to contract by describing events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. • Follow the events of excitation-contraction coupling that lead to cross bridge activity. • Describe cross bridge cycling • Define motor unit and muscle twitch, and describe the events occurring during the three phases of a muscle twitch. • Muscle Atrophy • Explain how smooth, graded contractions of a skeletal muscle are produced. o Temporal summation o Multiple motor unit summation (recruitment) ▪ Know the recruitment thresholds • Differentiate between isometric and isotonic contractions. • Describe three ways in which ATP is generated during skeletal muscle contraction. o Be able to compare and contrast the three modes of ATP generation o Know important molecules (i.e. creatine), whether oxygen is necessary, by-products (i.e. lactic acid) • Define EPOC and muscle fatigue. List possible causes of muscle fatigue. • Describe factors that influence the force, velocity, and duration of skeletal muscle contraction. • Describe the three types of skeletal muscle fibers (slow and fast oxidative, fast glycolytic) • Compare and contrast the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on skeletal muscles • Compare the gross and microscopic anatomy of smooth muscle cells to that of skeletal muscle cells

Reticular Formation and Sleep (Exam 3)

Comprehensive Study Notes on Cellular Organelles: Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, and Mitochondria

Study Notes on Adipose, Elastic, Reticular, and Mucous Tissues (copy)

Central Nervous System White vs gray matter :: Gray = cell bodies (processing); White = myelinated axons (communication) Primary motor cortex, Broca’s, premotor location :: Frontal lobe Innermost meninge :: Pia mater CSF is formed where :: Choroid plexus (ventricles) Ventral horn destruction causes :: Loss of motor output Same hemisphere fibers :: Association fibers Across hemispheres :: Commissural fibers (corpus callosum) Advantage of convolutions :: Increased surface area → more processing power Grooves :: Sulci Folds :: Gyri Groove dividing hemispheres :: Longitudinal fissure Frontal vs parietal lobe :: Central sulcus Parietal vs temporal :: Lateral sulcus Primary motor cortex :: Voluntary movement Premotor cortex :: Plans movement Primary sensory cortex :: Detects touch Somatosensory association :: Interprets sensation Visual area :: Vision Auditory area :: Hearing Prefrontal cortex :: Decision making/personality Broca’s area :: Speech production Controls temp, hunger, ANS :: Hypothalamus Substantia nigra location :: Midbrain Vital centers (heart, breathing) :: Medulla oblongata Sensory relay center :: Thalamus (gray matter) Basal nuclei function :: Initiate/stop movement, smooth motion Cerebellum role :: Coordination, balance, posture Limbic system location/function :: Around brainstem; emotion + memory RAS meaning/function :: Reticular Activating System; alertness STM → LTM factors :: Repetition, sleep, emotion, meaning CNS protection (4) :: Skull/vertebrae, meninges, CSF, BBB CSF formation/drainage :: Produced in ventricles → circulates → reabsorbed into blood Blood-brain barrier :: Tight capillaries + astrocytes Pyramidal tracts :: Motor pathways; cross at medulla Dorsal vs ventral roots :: Dorsal = sensory; Ventral = motor CSF location :: Subarachnoid space Spinal cord organization :: Gray inside; white outside Anterior vs posterior root signals :: Anterior = motor; Posterior = sensory Cervical/lumbar enlargements :: Serve limbs Spinal cord location :: Vertebral foramen Filum terminale :: Anchors spinal cord ⸻ Sensation & Integration Sensation vs perception :: Sensation = detection; Perception = interpretation Sensory modality :: Type of stimulus Mechanoreceptors :: Touch/pressure Thermoreceptors :: Temperature Chemoreceptors :: Chemicals Nociceptors :: Pain Naked nerve endings :: Free endings (pain/temp) Encapsulated endings :: Wrapped (touch/pressure) 3 steps of sensation :: Stimulus → receptor → signal to brain Meissner’s corpuscles :: Light touch receptors Proprioceptor example :: Muscle spindle; detects stretch/body position Pressure receptor :: Pacinian corpuscle (encapsulated) Thermal receptor distribution :: Uneven Touch receptor distribution :: Uneven Referred pain :: Pain felt elsewhere Pain receptors :: Nociceptors Brain maps based on :: Sensitivity (not size) 3-neuron sensory pathway :: 1st: receptor → spinal cord 2nd: spinal cord → thalamus 3rd: thalamus → cortex Motor pathway neurons :: 2 neurons Upper: brain → spinal cord Lower: spinal cord → muscle Ascending pathways :: Sensory to brain Descending pathways :: Motor from brain

24. Anterior Compartment of the Leg and Extensor Retinaculum - Landmarks and tendons

Endoplasmic Reticulum Structure and Function

Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis

NEUR 334: Brainstem III (Reticular Formation)

Lecture 4: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Translation and membranes

RETICULAR NUCLEUS

10.3b Sarcolemma, T-Tubules, & Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: Excitation-Contraction Coupling

Cell Biology - Endoplasmic Reticulum II

Cell Bio Chapter 11: Protein Trafficking into the Endoplasmic Reticulum

Protein Sorting and Transport: The Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, and Lysosomes

MCB 2210 L15: Protein Targeting: Endoplasmic Reticulum Part 2

MCB 2210 L14: Protein Targeting: Endoplasmic Reticulum Part 1

RETICULO ENDOPLASMATICO