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Precolonial Architecture (Cordilleras)

HOA4: Precolonial Architecture: Cordillera Region

HOA4 Prelims Part1 - Philippine Architecture and Pre-colonial Architecture and the Cordilleras

History of Architecture: Pre Colonial Architecture - Cordilleras

western cordillera

CAR - Cordillera Administrative Region

UNIT ONE: CANADA AND THE WORLD Focus Questions: •What is the approx. population of Canada? 41 million (41 288 599 • Map of Canada o Name the 3 oceans that touch Canada – be able to locate them on a map Pacific ocean Arctic ocean Atlantic Ocean o Name the 10 provinces and their capital cities British Columbia (Victoria) Alberta (Edmonton) Saskatchewan (Regina) Manitoba (Winnipeg) Ontario (Toronto) Quebec (Quebec City) Newfoundland and Labrador (St.John’s) Prince Edward Island (Charlottetown) New Brunswick (Fredericton) Nova Scotia (Halifax) o Name the 3 territories and their capital cities Yukon Territory (White Horse) Northwest Territories (Yellowknife) Nunavut (Iqaluit) o Locate the provinces and territories but not the capital cities (just know them for each province and territory) •What are the 6 factors of the HDI? Life expectancy (how long you can live) Population Growth (how fast the population grows) Education (access the opportunity to learning) Health Care (access to availability to health) Wealth (measures the wealth of the nation) Food supply (measures the availability of nutrition) •What is a Developed Country? Describe it and list 3 developed countries A developed country is in higher demand in living conditions. I.e. higher social and economic levels, average incomes, many luxuries. -20% of the world's population live in these countries Canada USA Japan Spain France •What is a Developing Country? Describe it and list 3 developing countries A developing country is in lower demand for living conditions. I.e. lower social and economic level, high levels of poverty. Primary industry is agriculture→in order to feed themselves and to trade for money Ethiopia Nigeria Rwanda Bangladesh Pakistan •What are cash crops? Which countries grow these? Cash crops are crops that are grown to be sold for money (exports) Crops that are grown: -Bananas/tropical fruit -Mango -Cocoa beans -Coconuts -Coffee beans -Dragon fruit -Cotton -Sugar •Which country gives the most in foreign aid money? Foreign Aid: Money, food or other resources given by one country to another to promote development and welfare United states gives the most in foreign aid money ($66.04 billion) UNIT TWO: INTERACTIONS IN THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Focus Questions: •What is Pangaea and who came up with this idea and what did he call the theory? 200 million years ago the continents formed a single giant land mass supercontinent called Pangaea and started to split up -Alfred Wegner came up with this theory and named it continental drift •What evidence did Wegener have to prove his theory? There were 4 PUZZLE PIECES- Shorelines of the continents seem to fit together like a puzzle piece (east coast of South America fit with the west coast of Africa) SIMILAR FOSSILS AND ROCK TYPES Similar rock types were found in these two locations despite the fact that they were thousands of km apart (East coast of south america and west coast of africa) LOCATION OF MOUNTAINS Wegener found mountains formed 300 million years ago that are similar in age and structure on both sides of the Atlantic ocean EVIDENCE OF ICE SHEETS Ice sheets covered southern Africa, India and Australia about 250 million years ago •What are the 4 layers of the earth and which is liquid? Crust Mantel Outer core (Liquid layer) Inner core •What is the Ring of Fire and where is it located? An area where large amounts of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of plates. Located in: Basin of the Pacific Ocean •Landform Regions of Canada o Review the map o Which landform region do you live in? Toronto is in this landform region. I live in the Great Lakes-St Lawrence Lowland region. o Which landform region has the Rocky Mountains? Western Cordillera o Which landform region is near the Pacific Ocean? Western Cordillera o Which landform region is the furthest north? Innuitian Mountains o Which landform region is the smallest? Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands o Which landform region is the largest? Canadian Shield •Which landform region is known as the Breadbasket with large wheat farms? Interior Plains • Define climate and weather – what is the difference? Weather The day to day conditions of the atmosphere -Short periods of time -Small areas -Temperature and precipitation Climate Weather conditions of a large area for a long period of time DIFFERENCE TIME PERIOD- Weather describes atmospheric conditions over a few days while climate describes many years (around 20) LAND AREA- Weather=localized (ex. Rainy in brampton and sunny in vaughan) Climate=regionalized (ex. All of southern Ontario has the same climate) •What are the factors that affect climate? List them (LOWERN) Latitude Ocean Currents Wind currents Elevation Relief Nearness to water o Which one might affect the coast of BC the most Nearness to water affects BC the most. o Which one might affect the Arctic the most Latitude •What are the 3 ocean currents that affect Canada? Where are they? Pacific- West coast Arctic- Northern Atlantic- Eastern • Maritime vs continental MARITIME: -Mainly found along the eastern and western coasts (typcial climate fo areas near the coast -Mild winters and summers -Frequent precipitation (close to or usually over 1000mm a year, lowest around 900) Examples- Vancouver, British Columbia or St. john’s NFL or Halifax, Nova Scotia CONTINENTAL: -Typical climate of areas more inland in the interior of Canada (Prairie provinces such as Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) -Variations of temperature because of the lack of bodies of water (Hot summers and very cold winters) -Increased temp fluctuations (high summer temps and low winter temps) -Less precipitation (usually 200-1000 of rain a year) Examples- Regina, Saskatchewan, Calgary, Alberta, Winnipeg, Manitoba, and Ottawa, Ontario • Climate Graphs and how to do the calculations: Climate graphs show TOTAL MONTHLY PRECIPITATION and AVERAGE MONTHLY TEMPERATURES typically in a particular location o What is the formula for calculating the average temperature? Add up all the temperatures and divide by 12 (℃) o What is the formula for calculating the total precipitation? Add up all the monthly precipitation totals (mm) o What is the formula for calculating the temperature range? The highest temperature minus the lowest temperature (℃) o Can you figure out how to find the month with the highest temperature and the Lowest temperature On a graph you look at the highest points and the lowest • Name the climate region by the Pacific Ocean Pacific Maritime • Name the climate region by the Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Maritime • Name the climate region in Canada’s far north Arctic • Name the climate region you live in. Boreal •Which climate region is a frozen desert? Arctic •What is global warming? The rising of the average temperature on Earth o Why does it happen? Global warming happens because of the greenhouse gases that are emitted into the Earth’s atmosphere. o What activities cause it? Are they mainly human made reasons? NATURAL CAUSES (cannot be caused by humans) MAN MADE CAUSES (Human actions) Temperature fluctuations of the planet Volcanic eruptions Increased solar activity Transportation Manufacturing Oil drilling Farming Deforestation MAN MADE CAUSED OVERPOWER NATURAL CAUSES o Which gases are most responsible for global warming? Where do they come from? Four main gases that absorb radiation are H20- water vapor CO2- Carbon Dioxide (burning fossil fuels and Deforestation) CH4- Methane (agriculture) N2O- Nitrous Oxide (Agriculture) o Which is the worst greenhouse gas? Carbon Dioxide o How does it happen - Explain the process of global warming Sun emits energy in the form of SHORTWAVE RADIATION which can go through anything clear Reaches earth and absorbs but some escapes back into space Long Wave cannot go through anything (not even greenhouse gases) Longwave returns back to Earth making it hotter than it should be o What is the difference between longwave vs shortwave radiation? Short wave- Can go through anything clear Long wave- Cannot go through anything o What might be some global warming problems in Canada Changes rain and snow patterns Migration and life cycles Less snow and ice Higher temperatures and more heat waves UNIT THREE: CHANGING POPULATIONS AND L IVABLE COMMUNITIES Focus Questions: •What is a census? A census is used to count the population and learn important data •Where does the majority of Canada’s population live? Ontario • Name the 4 main classes of immigrants to Canada? Economic Class Family class Refugees Humanitarian and other •Which class of immigrants goes through the point system and how many points do they need to earn? ECONOMIC CLASS- 67/100 points •What factors can you earn points for? Hasn't committed a serious Doesn’t pose a risk to Canada’s security Hasn’t violated human or internationa rights Is in good health (determined by a medical exam) Has a valid passport or travel document Anyone applying to live permanently in Canada must provide A police certificate or criminal record check Their photo and fingerprints if over 14 or under 79 years of age •From which class does Canada accept the most immigrants? Economic Class •Which people can immigrate to Canada in the Family Class Immigrants? FAMILY CLASS: -Parents -Spouses -Children joining family members that are already living in Canada •What is a refugee? Two Main types of resettled refugees: GOVERNMENT ASSISTED PRIVATELY SPONSORED Referred by the UN refugee agency based on their location and vulnerability and are getting government assistance during this transition Brought to Canada by government approved citizens and organizations that assume legal and financial responsibility for them Refugees cannot apply directly to be resettled in Canada All refugees undergo screening by Canadian officials and generally have permanent resident status when they arrive. • Define and list examples of push factors for immigrants PUSH FACTORS (Reasons for leaving your home country to go live in another one, what pushes people out?) War and conflict Natural disasters Unfair political reasons Poverty Limited rights and freedoms Lack of employment Racial persecution Religious persecution Lack of services- lack of access to education and healthcare Dislike the climate No family • Define and list examples of pull factors for immigrants PULL FACTORS (Reasons to choose a country to go live in (what pulls people to come?) Religious freedom Marriage Opportunities for better employment Family Improve standard of living Favourable climate Democratic government More rights and freedoms •Population pyramids It is a diagram that gives information about a country’s population breakdown by age and gender for any year % of males and females in each group The proportion of young people (0-14 years old) The proportion of Working people (15-64 years old) The proportion of Elderly people (65 and older) o How do you calculate the total % of children in a population? Add the percentages from 0-14 o How do you calculate the total % of working population Add the percentages from 15-64 years old o How do you calculate the total % of seniors in a population? Add the percentages from 65 and above o What is dependency load and how do you calculate it? The % of the population that does not work and so it depends on the working population (Add the % of children and the % of seniors to get a total %) o pyramid with a wide base means what? POPULATION GROWTH o A pyramid with a narrow base means what? POPULATION DECLINE •What is a baby boomer? In 1950, after WW2, many families began to have children which meant the birth rate was very high. (1950-1965) -As the baby boomers grow older Canada’s population will continue to age as there is so many of them to still age •What is a centenarian? A person who is 100 years old and above •What does the greying of Canada’s population mean? Population is getting older so it is aging as a whole and not made up of mainly young people o Why is this happening? There are 2 main reasons – can you explain them? INCREASE IN LIFE EXPECTANCY - Life expectancy in Canada is currently 83 years old for men and 84 for women - More Canadians than ever before are living to 85 and beyond DECREASE IN BIRTH RATES - People are not having large families anymore as woman no longer stay home and choose to work, children are expensive and not everyone gets married today o what are some of the problems we can encounter as a country in the future if this continues? More Candians are receiving old age pension and are seeking more health care and services = expensive to have many seniors Proportionally fewer people are working and paying income tax = less money available Housing and transportation needs are changing, as is consumption, which is shifting towards goods and services for seniors The # of families made up of couples whose children have left home is also on the rise •Where does the majority of Canada’s population live? ONTARIO UNIT FOUR: CANADIAN INDUSTRIES AND RESOURCE Focus Questions: •What is an Ecological Footprint? THE AMOUNT OF THE ENVIRONMENT NECESSARY TO PRODUCE THE GOODS AND SERVICES NECESSARY TO SUPPORT OUR LIFESTYLES -It is a way of looking at how much of the Earth we each use to live the life that we are in this country -An area of land and water that would be required to provide for a countries populations resources and absorb its waste o How is it measured? Calculated in hectares of land, and is used to calculate the amount of Earth’s bio-productive space needed to keep a population at its current level of resource consumption -Use the amount of land area / person o Which countries have large footprints? CHINA USA INDIA o Which countries have small footprints ETHIOPIA MALI o How does a footprint get larger? o What can be done to reduce a footprint? Switch of the lights Take the stairs AC on? Shut the windows Take shorter showers Power down laptops Unplug electronics when not in use Keep room temp moderate Do full laundry loads Use fewer or share appliances Switch to LED lightbulbs •What is sustainable development? Meeting present needs without compromising the chances of future generations to meet their needs •What is an export? The selling of goods and services to another country •What is an import? The buying of goods and services from another country • Name and explain the 3 main types of industries found in Canada and what they do PRIMARY SECTOR (Resource based industries) SECONDARY SECTOR (Manufacturing) TERTIARY SECTOR (service industries) Harvesting or extracting raw materials from nature JOBS: -Mining -Famers -Fishers -Foresters -oil workers Converting raw materials into fishing products JOBS: -Factory workers -Food processors -Construction workers Providing services to businesses and consumers JOBS: -Retail workers -Teachers -Nurses -Dentists -Restaurant staff -Lawyers -Electrician o Which sector employs the most people SERVICE INDUSTRIES (76% OF CANADA’S POPULATION) •List the conventional sources of energy FOSSIL FUELS NUCLEAR ENERGY NATURAL GASES •List the alternative sources of energy SOLAR ENERGY WIND ENERGY HYDROELECTRICITY GEOTHERMAL BIOMASS O what are some of the advantages of alternative energy forms? -Never runs out -Abundant (more power than needed) -Sustainable (energy were getting now is gonna be the same later) -Clean •Which sources of energy are renewable and which are non renewable? ALTERNATIVE= RENEWABLE CONVENTIONAL= NON RENEWABLE •Which source of energy does Canada produce the most? ALTERNATIVE SOURCES (hydroelectricity) •Which sector of the economy uses the most energy? PRIMARY SECTOR (RESOURCE BASED INDUSTRIES) •Which sources are Canadians dependent on? ALTERNATIVE SOURCES •Which province has a lot of production of fossil fuels? ALBERTA WHEN YOU ARE DONE THIS REVIEW, COMPLETE THE PRACTICE SHEET

United Nations : Sustainable Development Goals No Poverty: Eradicate poverty in all its forms everywhere. Zero Hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. Good Health and Well-being: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages. Quality Education: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all. Gender Equality: Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls. Clean Water and Sanitation: Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Affordable and Clean Energy: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all. Decent Work and Economic Growth: Promote sustained, inclusive, and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment, and decent work for all. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation. Reduced Inequalities: Reduce inequality within and among countries. Sustainable Cities and Communities: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable Responsible Consumption and Production: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Climate Action: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts. Life Below Water: Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. Life on Land: Protect, restore, and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions: Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all, and build effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. Partnerships for the Goals: Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. UNESCO World Hentage -Tubattana Reef -Puerto Prinsesa Subterranean River -Hamigitan Heritage Park -Baroc , Churches Of the Philippines -Cordillera Terraces -Vigan City FILIPINO TRAITS ●KAN YA KANYA or TAYO TAYO - Crab mentality ●NINGCAS COGON - magaling lang sa una ●MANANA HABIT - mamaya na lang ●ETHNO CENTRIC - superior mentality ●XENOCENTRIC - inferior mentality ●EXTREME PERSONALISM - pinipersonal ●PORMA OVER SUBSTANCE - prioritizing appearance or structure over content or substance ●REMEDYO ATTITUDE - kahit sira na inaayos parin ●CHEERFUL- Taclobanon People Wave migration theory - Beyers Core population theory - F. Landa Jocano Tabon cave - Indigenous evolution - Taboon Man( Palawan ) - Robert Fox Pre - Spanish Period Social Class Maharlika - nobles , raja , datu Timawa - Free men Alipin - may bahay ( aliping namamahay - nakatira sa banay ng amo (aliping saquiquilid.) BARANGAY 30-100 Families RELIGION PAGANISM - Polytheistic ANISM - Gun , moon BABAYLAN - mediator BATHALA - Supreme being APO LAKI - Fertility & war IDYANALE - labor and goodness ECONOMY FIRST TRADERS *Traders From Champa Vietnam - Orang Dampuan *Traders From Indonesia - Banjarmasins *Traders during Ming Dynasty - Chinese Government DATU - low maker , Leader UMALOHOKAN - town crier *FIRST SCHOOL OF PRE - COLONIAL Filipinos Bothoan - primitive / survival essentialism. *FORM OF PUNISHMENT - TRIAL BY ORDEAL > WATER > FIRE > WOUND *CUSTOMARY LAWS - Orally transmitted *COMMUNITIES MUMMIFICATION - Cordilleras / Igorots PINTA DOS - tattooed people BAYBAYIN - first system of writing ALIBATA - second system of writing Meso - cuneiform Egyptians - hieroglyphics India - Indus Script *SANDUGUAN - Sealing Friendship - blood Compact - Legaspi and Sikatuna *BETHROTAL - engagement in pre his panic era *DOWRY - originated in India. TERMS TO REMEMBER *MAI - gold in mindoro *MAKHDUM - Arab missionary who brought Islam in the philippines. *SULU - First Sultanate *ABU BAKR - Founded the First Sultanate *External Criticism - EXTERNAL/FORM - INTERNAL / CONTENT *COMING OF WEST TREATY OF TORDE SILLAS - Portugal, East, West, Spain SOCIAL CLASSES DURING THE COLONIZATION *PENINSULARES - born in spain , *MESTIZO - dugong banyaga / Foreigner . *INSULARES - born in the philippines but spanish. *PRINCIPALIA - ilustrados educated - enlightened . *INDIO - natives SPANISH POLICIES *PUEBLO - town *TRIBUTO - buwis / tax *AYUNTAMIENTO - trade center *ALCADIA - pacified *CABECCERAS - town center *REDUCCION - resettlement *CORREGIMIENTOS - unpacified *INDULTO DE COMERCIO - privilege government in trade. *BAN DALA - Product tax *POLO Y SERVICIO - Force labor *POLO WORKER - polista *FALLA - exemption fee *FRAILOCRACY government led by friars Centralized. Spanish Expeditions Magellan's expedition: Set sail in 1519 to find spices in the Moluccas.  Garcia Jofre Loaisa's expedition: Set sail in 1525 to settle the Philippines.  Sebastian Cabot's expedition: Set sail in 1526 to settle the Philippines.  Alvaro de Saavedra's expedition: Set sail in 1527 to settle the Philippines.  Ruy López de Villalobos' expedition: Set sail in 1542 to settle the Philippines.  *Magellan first to circumnavigate the earth but died in the Philippines during his voyage because of Lapu-lapu. first sandugoan member in the Philippines. archipelago of St. Lazarus Order of Missionaries Augustinians Franciscans Dominicans Recollects Benedicts Belief in God through "Faith" - Augustine Belief in God through "Reasons" - Thomas Royal Audencia - supreme court Cabessa de Barangay - tax collector MAGELLAN'S EXPEDITION-March 16 , 1521 Writer - Pigafietta Interpreter - Enrique Malaca Expeditions: Trinidad, San Antonio, Victoria, Santiago, Concepcion FIRST BLOOD COMPACT IN PHIL - MAGELLAN & COLAMBO. FIRST BLOOD COMPACT IN BOHOL - SIKATUNA & LEGASPI MARCH 31 , 1521 FIRST MASS IN LIMASAWA FR . VALDERAMA APRIL 7th , 1521 - Cebu( TO BAPTIZED BY JUMABON ) 14th - ( to plant the cross ) TO BAPTIZE JUMABON WIFE 21th - Battle of Mactan 27th - Magellan died

La desglaciación de la Cordillera Blanca

CAR Region CORDILLERA ADMINISTRATIVE REGION

Folk Dance with Asian Influence Folk Dance ts a form of dance developed by a group of people that reflects the traditional life of a certain country or region. Usually associated with social activities Are usually danced at social gatherings (which can be formed spontaneously or during yearly celebrations) that can but are not required to have a particular dancing stage and are almost always so simple to dance, that new dancers and amateurs are encouraged to start dancing with everyone else. It is a true reflection of daily life in past centuries while enchanting modern audiences at the same time. The oldest form of dance and the earliest form of communication. Classification of Philippine Folk Dances 1. Occupational Dances • Are performed to depict the work or the day-to-day activities of a community. Some dances may include moves imitating the pulling of rice stalks or catching fish Example: A. Gaway-Gaway - Is a dance depicting the harvesting of crops. B. Bendian This circle dance of the Cordilleran's particularly Benguet, Mountain Province, Kalinga, and Apayao is restaged, keeping true to the dance's context and meaning. It is performed for many reasons. Some of which are to heat a prolonged illness, relieve natural calamities such as famine and drought, and celebrate a bountiful harvest. However, the biggest Bendian is to celebrate a victory in war and a successful headhunt. 2. Courtship or Wedding dances Are usually performed by singles or newlyweds together with the relatives of the bride or groom. Some of the movements may involve flirting or depictions of love. Example: Carinosa 3. Festival dances Are performed during fiestas as a thanksgiving ritual for a bountiful harvest or good fortune. Mostly colorful costumes are used. Example: A. Ati-atihan A dance by the Ati people of Kalibo Aklan is a festive thanksgiving for the lowland people's generosity in helping them from famine. B. Bangus Festival or Gilon-Gilon The festival is held in the beautiful city of Dagupan in the province of Pangasinan. The festival is held in celebration of the city's thriving aquaculture, specializing in bangus or milkfish. 4. Animal or Imitative Dances Dances used for entertainment. The dance movements imitate a specific animal. Example: A. Tinkling bird-tikling It is a famous folk dance for its bird-like movements.

🧡The Dances of the Cordillera Groups

Historical Background of Cordillera Administrative Region

Lecture 11: Early Paleozoic Geology

PPC Chapter 3: Cordillera Administrative Region

Cordillera Administrative Region

MUSIC - Music of Cordillera, Mindoro, Palawan, and The Visayas (7)

Music - Music of the Cordilleran Region - Musical Instruments

Music - Music of Cordillera