HOA4 Prelims Part1 - Philippine Architecture and Pre-colonial Architecture and the Cordilleras

Based from Powerpoints Presentation by CAvendaño and Edited by Ar. Caryn Paredes-Santillan, ME, D.Engg, January 2024 of University of Santo Tomas. Copyright. History of Architecture 4.

Murillo Velarde Map

First Map of the Philippines created by Pedro Murillo y Velarde in 1744

Pedro Murillo y Velarde

The Spanish Jesuit Cartographer who made the first map of the Philippines

Murillo Velarde Map

“Mother of all Philippine Maps”

Nicolas de la Cruz Bagay

Who Engraved the Murillo Velarde Map

Francisco Suarez

Artist of Murillo Velarde Map

Fernando Valdez y Tamon

Murillo Velarde Map is created upon the behest of governor general _____ in response to an order from King Philip III

King Philip III

Murillo Velarde Map is created upon the behest of governor-general Fernando Valdez y Tamon in response to an order from who?

East to West

The Philippines is located at the crossroads of _____. This is a major factor that affected the development of architecture and culture

Asia / Southeast Asia, Spain, America

Philippines has Strong socio-cultural relations with?

Land Bridges

Southeast Asia was once connected by ____

People and animals were able to freely travel across

11th century

Chinese Trading existed in which century?

15th-17th century

Age of Eploration / Age of Discovery is in which century?

Spain

They propogated culture and Christianity to Philippines

Democracy

From the U.S influence, Philippines became as the bastion of _____ in Asia

Luzon Visayas Mindanao

3 Major Groupings of the Philippines

Forested

55% of the Land area in the Philippines is _____

3800

How many species of wood exist in the Philippines

Sierra Madre Mountains

Longest mountain range in the Philippines

Cordillera Central, Caraballo Mountains, Sierra Madre Mountains, Zambales Mountains

Mountain Ranges in Luzon

Katanlungan Mountain Range, Kitanglad Mountain Range, Mount Malindang

Mountain Ranges in Mindanao

Pacific Ring of Fire

Where earthquakes are prevalent, Influenced building materials used as well as the form of the buildings, Islands are of volcanic origin

Hot, Humid, and Tropical

Climate in the Philippines

March to May

When is Tag-init / Tag-araw

June to October

When is Tag-ulan

December to January

When is Tag-lamig

Amihan

Northeast monsoon, Makes the provinces along the eastern side generally wet, Western part have a dry, cool season

Habagat

Southwest monsoon, Western side experiences the wet season

Animism

Worship of nature belief in the underworld

Anitos

Good spirits

Mangales

Bad Spirits

Malay-Polynesians

Who brought knowledge of rice agriculture and sailing

Barangay

Early form of government has a strong socio-political unit, a defined territory

Barangay

Refers to the boat used by Indo-Malay settlers

Chieftain

Barangay is ruled by a _____ called Datu Raja or Lakan

Datu’s Family - Timawa - Namamahay - Sagigilid

16th century social structure of a Barangay

Spaniards - Datu's Family - Timawa

17th century social structure of a Barangay

Barangay

Modern Iteration of this word is: barrio / village / district / ward

Land-based Barangay

This Barangay Domain focuses on agriculture and is more compact

Coastal Barangay

This Barangay Domain focuses on trading and is an ideal place for economy to develop

120-187

How many languages are spoken in the Philippines

Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino

Filipino is regulated by _____ and the sole language taught in formal education in the entire country and therefore serves as a lingua franca used by Filipinos of various ethnolinguistic backgrounds

Tagalog, Cebuano, Ilocano, Hiligaynon

4 major indigenous languages

Pre-colonial Architecture

Also known as Folk architecture, Indigenous architecture, Primitive architecture, Traditional architecture, Vernacular architecture

Pre-colonial Architecture

Draws inspiration from the environment, specifically the climate, terrain, flora and fauna, etc. Uses (Readily) available materials

Pre-colonial Architecture

Responds to specific communal and social needs, Safety and security, Interaction

Bamboo

This Material belongs to grass family; one of the fastest-growing plants in the world; Renewable and extremely versatile, High compressive strength, is Lightweight, Can be split, shaped, bent (w/ heat), Strips can be woven into mats

Woven Bamboo Wall

Type of Bamboo Wall

Vertical Halved Culms

Type of Bamboo Wall

Bajareque

Type of Bamboo Wall

Whole Bamboo Culms

Type of Bamboo Wall

Wattle and Daub

Type of Bamboo Wall

Rattan

This Material belongs to Palm family: harvested at 80-100 ft. It is easily damaged by sunlight and continuous rain Strong, elastic, hard, thorny, sharp

Nipa

This Material belongs to Palm family: trunkless plants that grow in mangroves, Leaves/fronds can grow up to 9m, is Lightweight and has good wind resistance because of its permeability, Can last 5-10 years before replacement, Needs regular maintenance

Ipil, Molave, Takal, Apitong, Tanguile. Tindalo, Kamagong, Narra

Examples of Philippine Hardwood

Coralstone, Limestone, Adobe/Volcanic stuff

Examples of Masonry and Bricks

Agriculture, fishing, crafts (boat-making, pottery), and trading

Means of Livelihood

Kaingin

Filipino Word that means clearing

Kaingin System

Cutting down and burning of trees and plant growth in an area for cultivation purposes, also known as swidden farming. Traditional but destructive agricultural system practiced in many parts of the globe

Wet Method in Agriculture

Building dikes to collects and manage water, Planting rice, Seeds are sown in small seedbeds, then the seedlings are then transplanted one by one to prepared paddy fields, While the plants are maturing, they must be kept irrigated, but as the rice ripens the fields are drained

Hunting and Fishing

Used bows and arrows, A Group activity: the meat from the kill was divided amongst the group, Used dogs to track deer, Nets and baskets for fishing

Wood

Boats are carved out of?

Balangay

First wooden watercraft excavated in Southeast Asia and are evidence of early Filipino craftsmanship and their seamanship skills during pre-colonial times

Karakao

Traditional Visayan warship made without nails. It is known to be about three times as fast as a Spanish galleon

Paraw

Traditional Philippine outrigger canoe sail boat in the Visayas that transports cargo and passengers

Vinta

Type of paraw used in Zamboanga and Sulu

Gold

Standard exchange in Trading was in what currency

Stilts

Southeast Asian Building Traditions: uses _____ to get floors above the ground

Steeply Pitch

Southeast Asian Building Traditions has _____ _____ roof

Light

Southeast Asian Building Traditions use _____ materials

Bamboo and Timber

Southeast Asian Building Traditions: Uses _____ for posts, flooring, sidings,

roofing;

Roof Coverings

Southeast Asian Building Traditions: Coconut wood, bakawan, pinewood, stones, cogon grass, nipa, banana bark are used as _____

Rattan

Southeast Asian Building Traditions: ______ and other vines are used for binding materials together;

Pile Construction

Southeast Asian Building Traditions: _____ when using stones and rocks for walls and other structural elements

Non-Formal / Informal

Pre-colonial Architecture: Crafted by locals themselves without the assistance of specialized artisans

Intuitive

Pre-colonial Architecture: Based on the wants and needs of the owner; family and community helps in construction

Tradition and Intuition/Chance/Improvisation

Pre-colonial architecture design is influenced by?

Stilts

General Pattern of Precolonial Architecture: Elevated on posts or _____ to counter dampness, humidity, and flooding

Slated

General Pattern of Precolonial Architecture: _____ flooring is used to let cool air in from the bottom (lowlands)

Tight-fitting

General Pattern of Precolonial Architecture: uses _____ wood planks for insulation (highlands)

One

General Pattern of Precolonial Architecture: Is Light, airy, comfortable, and functional; Durable and structurally stable, Multi-purpose, and has how many room structures?

Symbols

Territorial spaces are suggested by _____ without fences and walls

Ornamentation

These Can denote position, status, social, prestige, power in houses

Applied sparingly to less-wealthy abodes, but can denote social prestige and power in others;

Pig / Carabao

_____ skulls are found in Ifugao Houses

Carabao Horns and Colorful Panolongs

What is decorated ends of a beam in the Masanao house

Crescent Moon and Star Motifs

What Ornamentations are found in the domes of mosques

Anitos

For Ornamentations, what Statues are found in the highlands of Luzon

Cross

What shape of ornamentation is used to denote churches

Cave Dwellings

Types of structure in Pre-colonial Architecture: Earliest shelters in the Philippines

Tabon Cave

Group of caves in Lipton Point, Quezon, Palawan, Maintained by the National Museum

Tabon Man

One of the oldest human bones found in the Philippines, the _____, was found in Tabon Cave in 1962

Dr Robert B. Fox

Tabon Cave is discovered by?

Manunggul Jar

Jar found in the Tabon Caves, Secondary Neolithic burial jar, 890-710 B.C.

Manunggul Jar

Acknowledged to be one of the finest Philippine pre-colonial artworks ever produced and is considered a masterpiece of Philippine ceramics. Declared National Cultural Treasure (NCT) by the National Museum

Garuda Gold Pendant

Gold Ornamental Pendant found in the Tabon caves

Garuda Gold Pendant

Contains image of _____ the eagle bird who is the mount of Hindu deity Vishnu

Garuda Gold Pendant

This suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China.

Angono Petroglyphs

Neolithic carvings on a rock wall in Angono, Rizal, Consists of 127 human and animal figures; The engravings are mostly symbolic representations and are associated with healing and sympathetic magic. They are the oldest known work of art in the Philippines.

Lean-tos

Types of structure in Pre-colonial Architecture: Used by the Negritos (Ati, Ata, Aeta, Agta, and Dumagat), Frame made from tree branches and twigs, with leaves and fronds for sidings, Screen rested on the ground and held up at angle by several poles, Walls, roof, and floor: rattan and bamboo, has Sheathing: nipa, palm leaves, banana leaves, coconut fronds or grass

Negritos

Lean-tos is used by?

Negritos

Ati, Ata, Aeta, Agta, and Dumagat